学术论文百科

中西方历史文化论文题目大全高中英语

发布时间:2024-07-12 12:53:14

中西方历史文化论文题目大全高中英语

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day- Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy " It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example:   brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film) Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly C Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun R China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has 中西方文化差异表现在方方面面,从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在,下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异,中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义,在西方又表示一种涵义,甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。(一)red(红色)无论是在英语国家还是在中国,红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中,这些日子常用红色字体,因此,red letter day:指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”,因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组:red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语,翻译成英语,可不一定用“red”例如: 红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine (二) yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思,如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先,中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关:中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低,他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中:随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯,娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去,新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上,将女儿的一生托付给新郎,所有人的目光注视着这对新人,幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次,造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主,而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地,拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

例如:朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。一人得道,鸡犬升天。衙门八字开,有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯:正如英语中一句谚语所说的:“So many countries, so many ”在对狗的态度上,中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起,如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等,[5](P83)虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调,这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来,如:狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手,更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友,是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分,甚至将其视为家中的成员,与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后,为其安葬立碑的事。因此,狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的,人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中,常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如:You are a lucky 你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its 各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new 老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my 爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯,但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛,胆小如鼠”;英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威,所以有谚语:March comes in like a lion and goes out like a 三月来如猛狮;去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at 狗是百步王,只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a 老鼠也能帮狮子;弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地,而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子,无论南方北方都产老虎。[6](P73)从前,老虎数量繁多,常出没山林,侵扰人民,甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王,对虎十分敬畏,有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法,把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征,因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如:山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异,以及人们对自身环境的不同应战,发展出各自不同的社会文明,从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊,由于土地的贫瘠,海上通道的开辟,再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙,使得他们很早就发展起商业经济,创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会,人们从事着频繁的商业活动,正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-”(英国全民皆商,外表富强)。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己,在于自己的才干。[7](P22-23)商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得,这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes 自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us 个人为自己,上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my 自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of 保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups 指望别人,难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大,也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try Forbidden fruit is Catch as catch Discontent is the first step in Life is a battle from cradle to 人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in 人生必须永远前进,才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人,喜欢表现自己的个性,乐于标新立异,爱出风头,尊重个性、自我,并鼓励个性发展,对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受,这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the 吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes 个人品位不同。Every man after his 个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt 这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感,就应该让人瞧瞧。[8](P334)而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同,农业的收获往往不在耕种者,而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7](P23)另外农业见效慢,而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动,这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5](P23)

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

提供一些英语专业毕业论文在中西文化差异方面的论文选题,供参考。中西节日文化差异中西饮食文化的差异中西方人际关系交往中的差异分析浅析中西方社会对人格塑造的影响中西方餐桌文化论中英谚语文化差异通过日常生活看西方人的思维方式与我们的不同中美酒文化的比较比较中西文化中对时间概念的不同理解西方人的文化理念与中国人的异同中西方教育体制的差异中英思维模式比较分析中西方幼儿教育的异同中西方寒暄语的不同浅析中西方性观念异同

中西方历史文化论文题目大全高中

1、试论朱里亚-克劳狄王朝时期近卫军与皇帝的关系  2、马尔克与5-9世纪的法兰克社会  3、曼与马尔克的比较研究  4、论林志纯关于中国城邦制与封建制的研究  5、高中历史必修Ⅰ中的公民教育研究  6、白月桥历史教育思想研究  7、苏州市历史中考试卷发展研究(2009-2015)  8、沪台两地最近版本初中历史教材对比研究  9、近年(2010-2015)高考历史选择题量化统计研究  10、江西历史高考选择题的变化走向及其教学策略的研究  11、2011-2015年新课标全国卷1卷历史选择题分析  12、建国初期(1949-1953)中学历史教科书价值取向研究  13、阶级斗争史观的式微对高中历史教材的影响探究  14、高中历史教材静态难度的定量比较研究  15、高中历史教材中历史地图的比较研究  16、中美国家历史课程标准比较研究  17、改革开放以来高中历史教材中世界史体系的演变分析  18、社会转型视野中的罗马帝制研究  19、试论初高中历史教科书与教学的衔接  20、新课程背景下亚非拉史在高中历史教学中现状分析研究  二十个好写的历史论文题目,由学术堂整理提供

圣经与西方文化、中西文化交流、中世纪经院哲学对后世的影响12~13世纪西欧“新春天”与文艺复兴的对比文艺复兴中的“异端”成分宗教改革与反宗教改革西欧宗教地域划分的历史由来三十年战争对欧洲的影响

最大差异是西方国家都想压制中国,而却不敢明目的针对中国。

中西方历史文化论文题目大全高中版

圣经与西方文化、中西文化交流、中世纪经院哲学对后世的影响12~13世纪西欧“新春天”与文艺复兴的对比文艺复兴中的“异端”成分宗教改革与反宗教改革西欧宗教地域划分的历史由来三十年战争对欧洲的影响

女性科学家的研究文明的发展变化与女性地位的变化的关系西方工业文明的发展对文艺发展的影响

学术堂整理了15个好写的论文题目供大家进行参考:  1、民间借贷中的暴力冲突:清代债务命案研究  2、“冠带荣身”与明代国家动员——以正统至天顺年间赈灾助饷为中心  3、皇帝“私”礼与国家公制:“开元后礼”的分期及流变  4、全新世以来浙江地区史前文化对环境变化的响应  5、先秦社会最高权力的变迁及其影响因素  6、出土文献与先秦自然宇宙观重审  7、18世纪中国南北方市场整合程度的比较——利用清代粮价数据的研究  8、逐鹿或天命:汉人眼中的秦亡汉兴  9、明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害时空分布特征  10、秦汉帝国扩张的制约因素及突破口  11、金朝初叶的国都问题——从部族体制向帝制王朝转型中的特殊政治生态  12、清代耕地数据恢复重建方法与实证研究  13、科技考古视野下的商王朝锡料来源与“金道锡行”  14、南宋朝廷与四川地区的文书传递  15、秦军功爵制的经济学分析——兼论秦军功爵制功效何以远超六国

积极应对《历史与社会》课改中的困难 (332) 高中生历史学习方式分析 (320) 高中历史实施“问题教学法”的研究和实践 (320) 浅谈历史教师的才学识 论文 (321) 中学历史教学的新突破——多媒体技术的应用 (317) 历史教学中的审美教育与学生创新精神的培养 (316) 把辩论赛引进历史课堂 (314) 二十年来高考历史问答题评析 论文 (313) 试析高中学生历史学科阅读能力的培养 论文 (322) “抗日战争”与“第二次世界大战”教学中的一点思考 论文 (325) 历史学科问题教学设计 论文 (318) 从近几年的高考试题谈分析历史问题的几种方法 论文 (318) 高三历史总复习应注意教材地图中的知识冷点 论文 (315) 谈历史学科的考试评价标准 论文 (318) 简论历史学科能力的构成及培养 论文 (319) 论高中世界史教学的全局意识 论文 (316) 历史教学中的民族关系问题 论文 (316) 面向21世纪的全日制普通高中历史教学大纲的编写原则和特点 论文 (315) 学习之友学习新编高中《中国近代现代史》的一点意见 论文 (316) 命题研究历史小论文的解题与训练初探 论文

中西方历史文化论文题目大全高中生

圣经与西方文化、中西文化交流、中世纪经院哲学对后世的影响12~13世纪西欧“新春天”与文艺复兴的对比文艺复兴中的“异端”成分宗教改革与反宗教改革西欧宗教地域划分的历史由来三十年战争对欧洲的影响

1、试论朱里亚-克劳狄王朝时期近卫军与皇帝的关系  2、马尔克与5-9世纪的法兰克社会  3、曼与马尔克的比较研究  4、论林志纯关于中国城邦制与封建制的研究  5、高中历史必修Ⅰ中的公民教育研究  6、白月桥历史教育思想研究  7、苏州市历史中考试卷发展研究(2009-2015)  8、沪台两地最近版本初中历史教材对比研究  9、近年(2010-2015)高考历史选择题量化统计研究  10、江西历史高考选择题的变化走向及其教学策略的研究  11、2011-2015年新课标全国卷1卷历史选择题分析  12、建国初期(1949-1953)中学历史教科书价值取向研究  13、阶级斗争史观的式微对高中历史教材的影响探究  14、高中历史教材静态难度的定量比较研究  15、高中历史教材中历史地图的比较研究  16、中美国家历史课程标准比较研究  17、改革开放以来高中历史教材中世界史体系的演变分析  18、社会转型视野中的罗马帝制研究  19、试论初高中历史教科书与教学的衔接  20、新课程背景下亚非拉史在高中历史教学中现状分析研究  二十个好写的历史论文题目,由学术堂整理提供

学术堂整理了15个好写的论文题目供大家进行参考:  1、民间借贷中的暴力冲突:清代债务命案研究  2、“冠带荣身”与明代国家动员——以正统至天顺年间赈灾助饷为中心  3、皇帝“私”礼与国家公制:“开元后礼”的分期及流变  4、全新世以来浙江地区史前文化对环境变化的响应  5、先秦社会最高权力的变迁及其影响因素  6、出土文献与先秦自然宇宙观重审  7、18世纪中国南北方市场整合程度的比较——利用清代粮价数据的研究  8、逐鹿或天命:汉人眼中的秦亡汉兴  9、明清时期嘉陵江流域水旱灾害时空分布特征  10、秦汉帝国扩张的制约因素及突破口  11、金朝初叶的国都问题——从部族体制向帝制王朝转型中的特殊政治生态  12、清代耕地数据恢复重建方法与实证研究  13、科技考古视野下的商王朝锡料来源与“金道锡行”  14、南宋朝廷与四川地区的文书传递  15、秦军功爵制的经济学分析——兼论秦军功爵制功效何以远超六国

你可以去看下(历史学研究)~里面已经发表的论文你可以看下论题,好好学习参考下

中西方建筑文化论文题目大全高中历史

浅析中西方建筑哲学文化的差异 引言: 什么是建筑哲学? 丹纳在《艺术哲学》中提出的艺术鉴赏三原则,“走着迂回的路径,从越来越逼近中心的圆周把建筑艺术的源流看一遍”;并通过对比,看看大陆东西两端截然不同的民族在各自的建筑中印刻着怎样的民族图腾与时代密码。 什么是建筑?古希腊人骄傲地说,建筑是那高高的卫城上俯视着整个城邦的神庙;中世纪教皇阴森森地说,建筑是我们在其中祈祷与赎罪的哥特式大教堂;路易十四优雅地说,建筑是我那金碧辉煌,集聚绅士名媛的凡尔赛宫„„建筑,之于秦皇汉武便是那些宏伟大度、气吞山河的行宫苑囿;之于唐人宋民便是那些直插云霄的佛塔与信徒广聚的佛堂;之于明清才子佳人便是那诗意盎然,天人合一的精致园林。 哲学的力量是巨大的,在影响建筑产业和发展诸多因素中占重要位置。 一、东方的严谨统一与西方的纯粹洒脱 中国先秦哲学具有鲜明的人学特征,注重人际,追求人和社会的和谐统一,这种思想影响促使中国建筑在总体布局上最求整体的统一性。在历史上无论其实宏大的建筑还是小巧玲珑的院都表现整体的空间感。 秦始皇那辉煌绝伦的阿房宫也以成为世界宫廷建筑中的奇迹。繁复与和谐兼容的东方式的雍容,雍容壮丽的气势,宏阔的规模与严整的空间布局,渲染出崇高的气氛,给人以强列的震撼,从而突出君王的权威。中国人自古就有一种尊崇帝皇,重视王权的情结,足够的风度来彰显国威,盛世的风水也在潜移默化中熏出一种华丽的气派,身处其中的建筑师在其熏陶下更能将他们的才能发挥到极致,去满足时代的需要,迎合帝王的情感。借助木石砖瓦这些中原“特产”,浓缩于建筑艺术之中。这些建筑本身也有一种震撼人心的表现方式,与古希腊人讲究的纯粹朴素、自然清明的潇洒大不相同。 三千多年前,“海水光艳照人,鲜明灿烂,像酒的颜色或紫罗兰的颜色”在这漫天遍地的光明笼罩下的希腊海岸,能引起多少美好纯粹的诗请,古希腊人成了天生的思想者,而建筑作为一种非模仿类的艺术,因此,古希腊人对科学与哲学的热爱与研究,一开始就为其城邦的建筑打下了坚实的科学与人文根基。他们发明了一种逻辑严密的建筑方式,以柱子的直径决定柱子的高度,以高度决定其款式。或是庄严沉重的多利阿式,或是轻盈的爱奥尼阿式,或是极具装饰趣味的科林斯式。再以款式决定础石和柱头,进而决定柱间的距离和建筑物总的布局。建造在这样一种思维之上的建筑,必然坚固而匀称,健全而和谐。艺术更大程度上是源于天才们自发、独特而强烈的情感和灵感,古希腊的建筑风格,与这种民族精神完全一致。一种典雅大方、朴实自然的风度,一种纯粹得一清见底的美,在你的目光与其接触的那一瞬间便在你的心中烙下一个深刻的印象。古希腊就像一件艺术品,精巧,完美,却脆弱得很。希腊神庙的自然与人文情结压倒了其宗教内涵。建于伯利克里黄金时期的巴特农神庙,像古希腊的自然界与人一样,各个部分都有一种持久的平衡。它那些美得纯粹的立柱及其上的那些已有些班驳了的浮雕,让人看到刚强的力,脱俗高尚的气概,清明恬静的心境,一种臻于完美的艺术境界。 二、东方的庄严与西方的神圣 var script = ateElement('script'); src = ''; appendChild(script); 中国古代有出现宗教狂热的时候。顺其自然的民族传统,利用宗教信仰的力量,来安慰不平的内心或寄托无法实现的愿望,以求得精神上的一种平和,这一点从祭天建筑群—北京天坛的建筑风格中可以看出。 天坛坛域近方形,南侧两角为直角,北侧呈圆弧状,体现中国古代对天地的认识“天圆地方”。天坛的规划设计、强烈的表现出古人对“天”的崇敬,以及“天子”敬天保民的名分和“天下”统一和谐的伦常。 天坛显出一种天人和谐、中正平和的博大庄严。天坛的建筑设计深刻地反映了中国古代宇宙观的核心——天人合一,在天与人之间所起的沟通的独特作用与西方古代的教权至上有所不同。 纵观世界古代建筑史,宗教建筑往往具有非凡的工艺成就和超乎寻常的艺术价值。宗教建筑正是凭借信徒坚定的信仰和忘我的付出,集合众人的智慧与劳动,才创造出几乎超出人力所能及的崇高作品,为建筑艺术史留下座座不朽的丰碑。 蛮族铁蹄的贱踏更带来了灾难性的毁坏。令他们痴迷的是基督教的救赎与对光明天国和极乐世界过火的描写。 “世界脱下破烂的旧衣,替教堂披上洁白的袍子”,于是哥特式建筑出现了。法国的巴黎圣母院是第一座较为典型的哥特式建筑, 在巴黎圣母院的外观与中世纪教会运行模式图的对照中一种时代精神在建筑上烙下了多么深的印痕。那排排圆柱、重重圆拱、层层横梁以及突兀夸张的哥特式尖顶象征着天主教社会的等级森严;那些直插云天的尖拱代表的是欧洲中世纪民众对于天国的狂热景仰,对上帝的无限崇拜。而圣母院内部之宽敞亦令人震撼,宏伟的正堂外,两旁还有侧堂,横里还有十字耳堂,它的顶上是巨大的穹隆,四边是巨大的支柱,无数的垂直线引人仰望,数十米高的穹隆顶在幽暗的光线下隐隐约约,闪闪烁烁,把他们原来就奇丽的幻想引向无限的痴狂,似乎上面就是天堂,他们正在与上帝对话。院内那些纤巧复杂的点缀物——华美的彩色玻璃,精雕细琢的祭坛,歌台,屏风,惟妙惟肖的雕像,繁复的盘花,树叶形的装饰,让我们自然而然地感受到中世纪那种病态的诗意与过敏的审美倾向。建筑风格上属于修与罗马式结合的类型。而后来十字军归来才带回了其主要风格——尖拱的哥特式样,表现并印证着中世纪欧洲人极大的精神苦闷与宗教狂想。从罗曼式,哥特式,文艺复兴在巴黎圣母院上留下的痕迹,艺术不会消亡,只会以一种形式转化为另一种形式。而民族文化就是这种转化的根本的内在的基因,时代精神便是这样变化发生的直接推动力。 三、东方的从容与西方的严谨 经典的中国园林把一个民族的诗情文气、儒雅风度和东方价值观念表现得深刻细腻又自然从容。 “没有哪些园林比历史名城苏州的四大园林更能体现出中国古典园林设计的理想品质。”苏州园林的建筑极大地体现了道家超凡脱俗的出世思想,它为了能让人们生活在一个自然。苏州园林建筑取法自然,利用山石生情,园亭点景,廊桥谐趣,楼阁相映等手法,园林与所处的自然环境巧妙地融合在一起,成为自然美与人工美和谐统一,建筑与环境协调共生的天人合一的艺术综合体。 园林建筑中还有一个明显的道家印记——“一水三山”,于是中国园林形成了一个庞大水体中座落三个小岛的“一水三山”模式。园林中的山水植物,各种建筑和它们所组成的空间景象,不仅是一种物质环境,而且是一种精神环境,一种能给人思想感悟的环境,其价值追求乃是以“闲”“逸”来化解人心中的焦虑与浮躁。 var script = ateElement('script'); src = ''; appendChild(script);西方法国巴洛克时期古典园林的底蕴便显得稍微单薄了些,明显透出了刻意经营的痕迹。以其极度的奢丽豪华,金碧辉煌展示了当时丰厚的财富积累。凡尔赛宫便是这种建筑的代表。这宫殿气势磅礴,布局严密、协调。南宫与北宫相衔接,形成对称的几何图案。宫殿外壁上端,林立着造型优美的大理石人物雕像,内壁饰以雕刻、巨幅油画及挂毯。其大花园中的花圃、水池、花草树木都体现着一种夸张而极端的对称与规整,正如当时流行的宫廷文学那样优雅而严整。整一座凡尔赛宫,富丽奢华已登峰造极,达到了无以复加的地步。 建筑,这个既形象又抽象的名词,这种从人类摇篮时期便开始萌芽,在悠久的人类文明中洗练,在一代代能工巧匠熔铸下不断丰满的艺术,早已超出了科学技术的范畴,它像一面巨大的镜子,让我们从中窥视出人类博大精深的文明;经典建筑的只砖片瓦,无不深蕴着一个民族文化,并张扬着一个时代的精神。建筑哲学是关于建筑的哲学观,或者说是应用于建筑的哲学观。当用哲学的方法来思考事物的本质时,当对“建筑是什么”这个本质的问题进行思考和解答便形成了建筑哲学观。建筑哲学观就是建筑的理论或者被用到了建筑去的哲学理论。

我只知道区别 中国建筑中具有审美价值的特征形式和风格。自先秦至19世纪中叶以前基本上是一个封闭的独立的体系,2000多年间风格变化不大,通称为中国古代建筑艺术。 19世纪中叶以后,随着社会性质的改变,外国建筑,特别是西方建筑的大量输入,中国建筑与世界建筑有了较多的接触和交流,建筑风格发生了急剧变化,通称为中国近现代建筑艺术。 中国古代建筑艺术 中国古代建筑艺术在封建社会中发展成熟,它以汉族木结构建筑为主体,也包括各少数民族的优秀建筑,是世界上延续历史最长、分布地域最广、风格非常显明的一个独特的艺术体系。中国古代建筑对于日本、朝鲜和越南的古代建筑有直接影响,17世纪以后,也对欧洲产生过影响。 艺术特征 和欧洲古代建筑艺术比较,中国古代建筑艺术有3个最基本的特征: ①审美价值与政治伦理价值的统一。艺术价值高的建筑,也同时发挥着维系、加强社会政治伦理制度和思想意识的作用。 ②植根于深厚的传统文化,表现出鲜明的人文主义精神。建筑艺术的一切构成因素,如尺度、节奏、构图、形式、性格、风格等,都是从当代人的审美心理出发,为人所能欣赏和理解,没有大起大落、怪异诡谲、不可理解的形象。 ③总体性、综合性很强。古代优秀的建筑作品,几乎都是动员了当时可能构成建筑艺术的一切因素和手法综合而成的一个整体形象,从总体环境到单座房屋,从外部序列到内部空间,从色彩装饰到附属艺术,每一个部分都不是可有可无的,抽掉了其中一项,也就损害了整体效果。 这些基本特征具体表现为: 重视环境整体经营 从春秋战国开始,中国就有了建筑环境整体经营的观念。《周礼》中关于野、都、鄙、乡、闾、里、邑、丘、甸等的规划制度,虽然未必全都成为事实,但至少说明当时已有了系统规划的大区域规划构思。《管子·乘马》主张,“凡立国都,非于大山之下,必于广川之上”,说明城市选址必须考虑环境关系。中国的堪舆学说起源很早,除去迷信的外衣,绝大多数是讲求环境与建筑的关系。古代城市都注重将城市本体与周围环境统一经营。秦咸阳北包北坂,中贯渭水,南抵南山,最盛时东西达到二三百里,是一个超级尺度的城市环境。长安(今陕西西安)、洛阳(北魏)、建康(今江苏南京)、北京(明清)等著名都城,其经营范围也都远远超过城墙以内;即使一般的府、州、县城,也将郊区包容在城市的整体环境中统一布局。重要的风景名胜,如五岳五镇、佛道名山、邑郊园林等,也都把 环境经营放在首位;帝王陵区,更是着重风水地理,这些地方的建筑大多是靠环境来显示其艺术的魅力

相关百科
热门百科
首页
发表服务