论文摘要居中的模板
一般论文包含内容有：论文题目、作者姓名、单位、摘要、关键词、论文正文、参考文献。具体要求如下： ①论文题目用二号黑体字居中打印，上下必须空一行； ②作者姓名用四号宋体，且居中排版； ③单位用六号宋体，居中排版； ④“摘要”和“单位地址”之间必须空一行，用小五号黑体打印； ⑤“关键词”用小五号黑体， “关键词”内容结束后必须空一行； ⑥论文正文用五号宋体打印； ⑦“参考文献”四字用五号黑体居中打印，参考文献内容用小五号宋 体字打印。数字序号严格采用阿拉伯数字，顺序依次为：1；。 公式采用规范符号，上下标清楚；公式编号用小括号（）表示，位于行末。 插图采用计算机画图，并贴在论文相应的位置，图号、图名用六号宋体打印，如论文中有照片，同样贴在论文的相应位置。 论文最后要附上作者的介绍，顺序为：姓名、性别、出生年月、学位（或受教育情况）、职称。
论文格式具体要求题目：简洁明了能够准确概括论文的文章内容。字体：黑体小一号，加粗并居中摘要：字数大概在300字左右就行了，需要用第三人称来简短明确的交代论文的背景以及该论文的所做的研究，或者将研究内容讲清楚即可。字体：黑体小二号关键词：关键词主要是针对于读者在搜索的过程中，可以快速的找到相关内容及资料，而且关键词要是论文的中心内容，所以该部分一般为3-8个词。字体：宋体四号，每个词之间用空格或者分号隔开。正文：这个是占据整个论文最多，也是最难下手的地方。大部分论文都是分为几个观点展开讨论的，所以格式也复杂一些。字体：章标题：黑体小二号，加粗并居中;小节标题：黑体小三号，加粗并居中;一级序号标题：黑体四号标题，加粗并顶格;二级序号标题：宋体小四号，不加粗并顶格;剩下的标题都为宋体小四号，不加粗并缩进两字。参考文献：要如实列举出论文中所参照或者是借用观点的相关文献，也有助于读者可以更方便的找到该文字或语句的出处，从而读者也可以去阅读该文献，并在相关知识上得到更深层的了解。每篇论文一般都要有8-15篇的参考文献。字体：“参考文献”用黑体五号，加粗;文献名及序号用宋体五号，并序号要求用“[1]、[2]”这种类型的。总结：在论文的不同部分，所用的字体以及大小也会有相应的变化，所以在写的时候要注意具体的格式要求。
论文格式要求：论文一般由题名、作者、目录、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成（例如附录）可有可无。论文各组成的排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。
论文格式就是指进行论文写作时的样式要求，以及写作标准。直观地说，论文格式就是论文达到可公之于众的标准样式和内容要求。论文常用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果文章。
它既是探讨问题进行科学研究的一种手段，又是描述科研成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等，总称为论文。
扩展资料：
论文最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上，写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考， 以下就是由小编为您提供的标准论文格式要求。
1、标题：论文（设计）标题应简短、明白，把毕业论文的内容、专业特性概括出来。标题主标题字数普通不宜超越20个字，能够设副标题。主标题用宋体三号字加粗；副标题用宋体小三号字，均在文本居中位置。
2、摘要及关键词（中文在前，英文在后）：论文摘要字数要恰当，中文摘要普通以300字左右为宜，“中文摘要”字样为黑体四号字，居中格式。另起一行打印摘要内容。关键词是反映论文（设计）主题概念的词或词组，普通每篇可选3～5个，多个关键词之间用分号分隔。
摘要内容和关键词与正文字体字号相同，均为宋体小四号字，行距为倍，但“关键词”三个字。字样要加黑，其后要加冒号，左对齐。
另起一页打印英文摘要和关键词，英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相符，普通以200个英文单词左右为宜。空一行后打印英文标题，再空一行居中位置打印四号加黑“ABSTRACT”字样，另起一行小四号打英文摘要。
运用的英文应该精确、通畅。“Key Words”加黑并加冒号，左对齐，多个关键词之间用分号分隔。英文全部采用Times New Roman字体。
3、正文：毕业论文正文中各级标题次第为：一、（一）、1、（1）、①。毕业设计可采用下列标题次第：1、、、①。一级标题即“一”用四号黑体打印，每一局部完毕后另起一页开端下一局部。正文内小标题力图简短、明白，题末不用标点符号。
二级标题（一）用黑体小四号字。三级标题1后用点“.”，宋体小四号字加黑。四级标题（1），字体字号同正文，为宋体小四号字，行距为倍。
文中如有插图和照片，应比例恰当，分明美观；插图应标明图序和图题，序号和图题之间空一格；图序以阿拉伯数字连续编号，图题普通居中位于图的下方。
文中如有表格，应构造简约，表格应有表序和表题。序号和表题居中位于表格上方，两者之间空一格。表序以阿拉伯数字连续编号。假如表格援用别处，要注明表格的出处和相关信息。
4、毕业论文注释统一采用页下注的方式，在所需援用或注释处用上标①、②、③……表示，注释内容包括作者、出处、出版年份、页码等信息。注释也可是解释性语句。一切注释采用小五号宋体。
5、参考文献：按正文参考文献呈现的先后次第用阿拉伯数字在方括号中连续编号。文献中假如有三位以上作者时，只罗列前三位作者，中间以逗号隔开，其他以“等”字表示。在正文后另起一页采用四号黑体打印“参考文献”四字，空一行，采用小四号宋体打印参考文献的内容。
“参考文献”字样和内容均采取左对齐格式。每篇论文的参考文献不得少于15条，要注重文献的时效性和权威性。
6、页眉：论文的页眉内容为论文标题，宋体小五号字，居中。
7、附录（必要时可加，不用要时，无需附录）：关于一些不宜放在正文中，但又具有参考价值的内容能够编入毕业论文（设计）的附录中。依照文中呈现的次第依次列出附录的内容。
8、页码：论文页码一概采用页下居中方式。正文前的目录和摘要局部单独编排页码，页码采用罗马文字“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ”等标示，正文独立编排页码，用阿拉伯数字“1、2、3、4、5……”等标志。
9、电子文档请求：毕业论文的电子文档，学生应存成以学号和姓名为名字的.doc文件，如一个学生学号035272001叫王波的学生，其文件名为035272001王波.doc。
参考资料：百度百科-论文格式
论文摘要万能模板
论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务，论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业，最近很多朋友都在写论文，下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板，供大家参考，希望能对大家有所帮助！
1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状，指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。
范例:随着（社会）的发展，（主题）在（主题领域）中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去，人们对（主题）的理解仅限于（背景现状）。从而导致了一系列问题（罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题），这些问题造成了（详述什么影响）。
2、之后，叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线
范例：基于此，本文拟采用（实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法）进行研究
3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略，并带来怎样的结果
范例：并为解决上述问题，提出了（3-5条，与前述的问题对应）解决方案。
4、对上述内容总结，将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域，突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论
范例：期望能够促进（主题）的发展，推动（主题领域）继续更好地发展。
5、最后，将以上内容重新整理，组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅，删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。
1、基于、、、理 论，本文分析了……； 当前，……（背景），本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究； 针对……问题/现象，从……方面，利用……方法进行研究。
2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型，综合比对……理 论； 根据……研究方法/理 论模型，充分考量/考虑/分析……，对……问题进行了深入探索。
3、研究表明/显示/证实，……； 数据证明，……；……的发现，对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。
4、建议……；实践证明，……； 为……，已证明……。
5、本论文以《……》为切入点，重点研究……。本文分为四个部分，第一部分简单分析了……现状；第二部分阐述了……模式；第三部分……模式现存问题；第四部分打造……的思考。
毕业论文摘要要居中吗
看你是什么论文啊，如果是小论文的话就是顶头写，如果是大论文，摘要要单独列一页的那种就是居中咯。
1、封面：封面内容包括论文题目、指导教师、学生姓名、学号、系(部)、专业、毕业时间等信息，此页不编排页码。
2、题目：题目应概括整个论文最主要的内容，恰当、简明、引人注目，力求简短，严格控制在20字以内。
3、摘要：①正论文第一页为中文摘要，学位论文摘要约300~500字，应说明工作的目的、研究方法、结果和最终结论。
中文摘要：(1)标题小4号黑体，行距，段前0行，段后0行;
2)主体部分用小4号宋体，倍行距;
(3)关键词：小4号宋体。
英文摘要：(1)题目用小2号Times New Roman,行距，段前0行，段后0行;
(2)主体部分用5号Times NewRoman,倍行距;(3)关键词：小4号Times New Roman。
毕业论文写作是高等教育按规定对其毕业生的学习情况进行的总体性考查。
手写论文摘要是顶格写。第一行是题目（要居中），另起一行就是摘要，写上摘要两个字后，需要写上冒号，然后直接在冒号后写内容。
写完摘要两字，另起一行空两格写内容。
内容摘要是全文内容的缩影，需要提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。内容摘要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。
摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，可以引用、推广。
中英论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
论文的摘要模板
如下：
一、什么是论文摘要?
1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。
2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，提取论文的主要信息。
5.内涵：短文
6.外延：陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的，不加解释和评论的。
7.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。
二、论文摘要起什么作用?
不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。
1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。
2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的'四要素：
1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;
3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;
4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。
(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。
(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。
(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。
毕业论文摘要范文篇一
“看”生态 “救”生态
[摘要]随着生产力的发展，人类活动对生态系统的干扰日益增大引发了生态危机。本文通过分析生态系统的各要素及其功能，从系统科学的角度来“看”，说明现今市场经济的条件下，人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源;从非线性思维的角度来“救”。
改变和突破人类以往所具有的线性思维和观念，建立一种全新的“大自然观”、全新的“大生产观”、全新的“大社会观”。
[关键词]系统科学 非线性思维 生态系统
[中图分类号] [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)11-0098-02
生态系统指由生物群落与无机环境构成的统一整体，它是个开放的系统，为了保证自身的稳定，必须不断输入能量，否则就有崩溃的危险;生态系统也是生态学领域的一个主要结构和功能单位，它属于生态学研究的最高层次。
随着科学技术的不断发展，人类的各种活动对生态系统的干扰不断增大，在破坏与保护、生命与金钱的痛苦交织中，人类逐渐意识到了生态系统的真正价值。
人类才真正开始关注生态系统的现状，并将其纳入伦理道德体系中，形成一种全新的生态伦理道德，这一切都深深地影响着人类的命运。
一、当前生态系统的现状
半个世纪以来，随着人口的迅速增长和科技的飞速发展，人类不但拥有了空前强大的建设和创造能力，也拥有了巨大的破坏和毁灭力量。一方面，由于人类的各种活动增大了向自然资源索取的速度和规模，导致了生态失衡，带来了一系列灾害。
另一方面，由于自然规律的反馈作用，人类本身也遭到“报复”。因此，当今世界不管是发达国家，还是发展中国家，都已经把生态环境问题作为制约经济和社会发展的重大课题来研究。
人类目前正面临着一场空前险恶的生态危机。所谓生态危机，就是指生态破坏、环境恶化、臭氧层损耗、气候异常、资源匮乏、疾病蔓延、生物多样性锐减等。
二、系统科学地“看”生态
系统科学就是以系统为研究对象的基础理论和应用开发的学科组成的学科群。它主要考察各类系统的关系和属性，并揭示其活动规律，探讨其有关系统的各种方法和理论。系统科学的方法和理论正在从自然科学和工程技术领域向社会科学领域广泛转移。
生态系统依其不同的结构实现其一定的功能，而系统的特定功能的实现要具备一定的结构。若要调整生态系统的结构，就有可能会改变系统的功能;而要改变生态系统的功能，就必须改变系统的结构，人类片面追求经济价值使其结构和功能发生混乱。
导致了一系列的生态危机。这些都表明，人类解决生态问题已经不仅仅是理论认识的问题，而更多的是社会经济的问题。客观地说，现今市场经济的条件下，人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源。
(一)人的主体能动性的异化
科学技术的发展和人类社会的进步之所以能导致一系列的生态危机，其根本原因是由于人拥有了一种特殊的能力，它不同于自然界的意志自由，它被称为人的主体能动性。而人的主体能动性的异化，就是人失去了自己的本质而被置于对立面的状态。
并且在这种状态中，人的“自由意志”发挥已不再是“以人为目的”，而成了一种实现外在过程的工具，因此，当这种工具把自然与人的分离与对抗推向极端的时候，就导致了生态危机的发生。
含摘要的论文模板
如下：
一、什么是论文摘要?
1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。
2.论文摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，提取论文的主要信息。
5.内涵：短文
6.外延：陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的，不加解释和评论的。
7.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。
二、论文摘要起什么作用?
不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。
1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。
2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的'四要素：
1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;
3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;
4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。
(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。
(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。
(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。
论文摘要万能模板
论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务，论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业，最近很多朋友都在写论文，下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板，供大家参考，希望能对大家有所帮助！
1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状，指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。
范例:随着（社会）的发展，（主题）在（主题领域）中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去，人们对（主题）的理解仅限于（背景现状）。从而导致了一系列问题（罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题），这些问题造成了（详述什么影响）。
2、之后，叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线
范例：基于此，本文拟采用（实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法）进行研究
3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略，并带来怎样的结果
范例：并为解决上述问题，提出了（3-5条，与前述的问题对应）解决方案。
4、对上述内容总结，将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域，突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论
范例：期望能够促进（主题）的发展，推动（主题领域）继续更好地发展。
5、最后，将以上内容重新整理，组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅，删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。
1、基于、、、理 论，本文分析了……； 当前，……（背景），本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究； 针对……问题/现象，从……方面，利用……方法进行研究。
2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型，综合比对……理 论； 根据……研究方法/理 论模型，充分考量/考虑/分析……，对……问题进行了深入探索。
3、研究表明/显示/证实，……； 数据证明，……；……的发现，对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。
4、建议……；实践证明，……； 为……，已证明……。
5、本论文以《……》为切入点，重点研究……。本文分为四个部分，第一部分简单分析了……现状；第二部分阐述了……模式；第三部分……模式现存问题；第四部分打造……的思考。