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机械毕业论文参考文献英文翻译

发布时间:2024-07-02 19:41:23

机械毕业论文参考文献英文翻译

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。

译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。

主要标准

翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。

忠实

是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。

通顺

是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

实践产生理论,欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看,可以分为两大派:一派是翻译可能论,一派是翻译不可能论。其实,完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的,完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。

世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物,比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等,都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见,这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。

Modern various machine and equipment are more than on the gear reducer, generally USES bearing hole processing, and currently 1ta series boring coordinates are in single points, so in mass production to ensure its hole spacing tolerance, and low fine molding machine is a special machine, when using a series of molding method. Once processed clamping workpiece, hole spacing in design, and when the machine has two of the coaxial when spindle box, while processing by rail, which not only ensures the transmission distance between accuracy, but also guarantee the hole, and greatly improve the coaxial tolerance of machining efficiency. Can realize automation, production line. It meets the modern production accuracy and paper introduced a series of molding machine structure, working principle and control method, and automatic assembly line control principle and realization : a large series boring

机械类毕业论文英文翻译

。种子质量评价 。机械损伤3次重复的100个种子浸泡在1 %的次氯酸钠溶液为10分钟左右。 种子种皮损伤肿胀visiblyand计数用一只手的镜头。分裂( % ) 获得绕过200克种子通过毫米圆孔筛。材料通过筛被称为''分裂''然后权衡(无名氏, 1985年) 。 。发芽试验发芽abilitywas决心根据该协会的官方种子分析家(无名氏, 1981年) 。 3次重复的100种被安置在presoaked发芽纸然后被放置在一个种子萌发在251c为7天。后7天内,这个比率的种子发芽normallywas记录。 。种子活力种子活力,进行测试,按照国际种子检验协会(土改)方法(无名氏, 1985年) 。张纸毛巾3 50种子被保存在一个种子萌发在251c为7天。经过7天内的长度树苗发芽测定厘米。活力指数计算公式为活力指数¼一日nxgermination -% þ幼苗长度ð cmþ; 其中n是多少种子发芽。 。加速老化这项测试是用来预测贮存潜力的种子。它结合了讲所致高温高压humidityto其中种子也许暴露出来。我们预计这种子地段纪录更高层次的萌发,在加速老化试验可以储存一一段较长的时间内,比别人。两个复制的50个种子则留在穿孔塑料盒等。 这些箱子存放在401c和100 %相对湿度(比R : H :已)为每小时96发芽这些地段被记录为概述撞土改(无名氏, 1985年) 。 。测定水分含量标准烤箱法概述由土改(无名氏, 1985年)被聘用。三复制的10克种子被保存在一个热风烘箱,在1021c为24小时在这一时期结束时, 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。样品,然后权衡和水分内容计算,就drymass基础。 。评估损害的,由于自由下落以确定影响身高的下降对种子质量, 3次重复的100个种子, 从每一次治疗,分别下降了,从高处的 , , ,或米就以一个水泥厂地板或镀锌铁楼。掉落的种子进行了萌发及活力作为前。 。数据的统计分析收集到的数据,在实验进行了分析用方差分析(无名氏, 1992年) studythe影响男: C组: ;进程的阶段和高度自由下落对参数的种子质量。 差异是指检验用tukeytest的意义。

. Seed quality evaluation . Mechanical damage Three replications of 100 seeds were soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min. The seeds with seed coat damage swelled visibly and were counted using a hand lens. The split (%) was obtained by passing 200 g of seed through a round hole sieve. The material that passed through the sieve was termed as ‘‘splits’’ and then weighed (Anonymous, 1985). 豆种质量评估机械损伤经过3遍流程的100颗豆种在1%的漂白液中浸泡10分钟。种子以及种皮的很明显地膨胀损坏可以通过手持透镜观测到。 破裂指数通过200g的种子经4毫米圆洞筛网筛选得到。通过筛网的原料被称作“破裂”然后称重。. Germination test Germination ability was determined according to the Association of Official Seed Analysts (Anonymous, 1981). Three replications of 100 seeds were placed in presoaked germination paper and were then placed in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the percentage of seeds germinating normally was recorded. 发芽力检测发芽能力是按照官方的种子专家学会去定义的。经过3次流程的100颗豆种被放置在发芽试纸上预浸,人后在发芽力检测仪上以251C的温度放置7天。 7天之后, 发芽种子的比例被记录下来。. Seed vigor The seed vigor tests were conducted according to the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) method (Anonymous, 1985). Sheets of paper towel with 350 seeds were kept in a seed germinator at 251C for 7 days. After 7 days, the lengths of germinated seedlings were measured in centimeters. The vigor index was calculated as vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated. 种子的活力种子活力的检测是按照国际种子检测协会的步骤操作的。350颗豆种放在纸巾上,在种子发芽力检测仪器内以251C的温度保存7天, 7天之后, 以厘米为单位去测量种芽的长度。活力指数是按照vigor index ¼ 1 NX germination ð%Þ seedling length ðcmÞ; where N is the number of seeds that germinated.(此处由于有乱码, 无法翻译). Accelerated aging This test was used to predict the storage potential of seed. It combines the stresses caused by high temperature and high humidity to which seed maybe exposed. It is expected that the seed lots which record a higher level of germination in the accelerated aging test can be stored for a longer period than others. Two replications of 50 seeds were kept in perforated plastic boxes. These boxes were kept at 401C and at 100% relative humidity(r :h:) for 96 h. The germination of these lots was recorded as outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985). 加速老化这个检测是用作预告种子的储存潜力的。 它包括也许种子露天放置时,由高温度和高湿度造成的作用。人们预计在发芽力检测中有高记录的那批种子能够在加速老化测验中比其它的种子储存的更久。经过2次流程的50颗种子保存在穿孔的盒子当中。这些盒子被放置在401C温度及100%相对湿度中96个小时。这批的发芽力被ISTA作为要点记录下来。. Determination of moisture content The standard oven method outlined by the ISTA (Anonymous, 1985) was employed. Three replications of 10 g seed were kept in a hot air oven at 1021C for 24 h. At the end of this period, the samples were transferred to a desiccator for cooling. The samples were then weighed and moisture content calculated on a dry mass basis. 含水量的定义ISTA大纲中的标准加热程序被引用到这里。经过3次流程的10g豆种被保存在干烤箱中以1021C的温度放置24小时。 在检测最后, 样品被转移到干燥器中冷却。然后样品称重,并计算含水量,按照折干计算。. Evaluation of damage due to free-fall To determine the effect of height of fall on the seed quality, three replications of 100 seeds, drawn from each treatment, were dropped from a height of , , , or on to a cement floor or a galvanized iron floor. The dropped seeds were tested for germination and vigor as before. . Statistical analysis of data The data collected during the experiments were analyzed using ANOVA (Anonymous, 1992) to study the effects of m:c:; process stages and heights of free-fall on the parameters of seed quality. The differences in means were examined using the Tukey test of 由自由下落造成损失的评估为了确定下落高度对种子质量造成的影响, 经过3遍流程的100颗种子, 分别从, , , 米处下落到水泥地或者镀锌铁板上,象以前一样,下落的种子被检测种子发芽力以及活力。数据统计分析使用ANOVA分析了在实验当中所收集的数据,研究了含水量,加工平台以及自由下落的高度参数在种子质量方面的影响。检测方式的差异已被Tukey test of significance.验证。

“论文”一词的英文表达很多,通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达,下面罗列了几种,请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation(博士学位)论文,(专题)论文,学术演讲:长而正式的论文,尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文;学位论*disquisition专题论文;专题演讲,专题讨论:关于一个论题的正式讨论,常为书面形式*thesis命题论文:尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse(学术)讨论,研讨用的论文*paper作业形式的,为达到某一目的或效果(如学位)而写的

The thermodynamic calculation is the basis of the compressor calculation. With the help of the compressor-aided design system, the ordinary compressor is able to speed up its progress in calculation, which in turn reasonablizes the design; while the thermodynamic calculation of non-oil lubrication compressor caused errors or inaccuracy when pictures are retrieved by hand and figures are not best chosen. It is towards this problem that the compressor-aided design system for the thermodynamic calculation of non-oil lubrication compressor is made by digitalizing all the pictures and figures. This system will simplize the calculating process of the thermodynamic non-oil lubrication compressor, enable to select data on line, retrieve pictures and figures intelligently, output, save and print them and improve the accuracy and reliability of the calculating parameters as words:compressor , thermodynamic calculation, aided design system, non-oil

机械专业英语论文翻译

In view of the pivotal role of rolling bearing in rotating machinery and equipment, it is very important to diagnose the fault, and it is the best way and means to establish a set of efficient and convenient bearing fault diagnosis system. Most of the traditional diagnostic system depends on a number of professional hardware equipment, these instruments are obviously difficult to meet the requirements of information technology, and caused a lot of hardware redundancy. With the rapid development of computer technology, the virtual instrument technology has been applied to the field of bearing fault diagnosis has become a trend. This paper introduces the characteristics and structure of virtual instrument technology. On this basis, the resonance demodulation technique is introduced into the signal analysis of virtual instrument to extract and analyze the bearing fault signal. Finally, based on LABVIEW platform, a set of virtual instrument for bearing fault signal analysis is developed.

Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ,既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现,最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示,被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量,低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios, 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度, 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1), a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2, 3]。 通过本文路线,我们显示出, mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.

点火系统是汽车中电路系统的一部分。它的目的是制造高电压电涌,并将他们传输到发动机里的燃烧室。这些高电压电涌然后会造成电火花,这些点火花会点火,或者说,引燃燃烧室中的空气和油汽混合物,这样油气就会燃烧,并推动发动机工作。

毕业论文机械专业英语翻译

Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ,既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现,最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示,被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量,低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios, 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度, 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1), a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2, 3]。 通过本文路线,我们显示出, mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.

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中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久,而且成就十分辉煌,不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用,而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面,我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代,由于经济社会等诸多原因,我国的机械行业发展停滞不前,在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期,机械科学技术飞速发展,远远超过了中国的水平。这样,中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大,到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来,我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化,精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说,就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的,发展速度之快,水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束,我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新,我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴,重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言:上世纪60年代以前,我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏,很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期,长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作,在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机,1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单,维修、使用方便,很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台,在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后,蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代,目前蛙式夯实机已经很少,基本被淘汰。1964年,长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机,开始由上海工程机械厂生产,后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产,年产量200台左右。80年代,内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高,曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后,内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少,目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年,长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯,这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后,振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展,产品品种、规格和生产企业增多,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年,长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯,1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定,1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点,深受用户欢迎,得到了迅速的推广使用,并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚,但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多,目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后,国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发,不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步,缩短了与世界先进水平的差距,促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言:热加工 铸造 据考古发现,在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403~1424年),北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨),采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前,北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年,北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年,开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年,北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年,该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985~1988年,北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年,北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年,该厂制造出6000吨水压机,这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968~1979年,北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代,北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具,接近或达到进口模具水平,改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前,北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年,北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年,北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年,北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年,北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年,铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年,北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器,并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中,清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984~1990年,北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术,并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年,北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年,北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊,并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年,用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年,北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年,该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初,清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法,在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初,北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年,北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见,我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.

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三个测试文本奉献 [1]王豪,脱水的研究,番茄的过程为agriculture大学硕士 [2]张荣耀,亚麻创立一个民族等他去的番茄粉处理方法比较[J]食品技术(1):28-32 [3]。很高兴在国王的忠诚度,在短短深,等..喷雾干(第二版)[M]。北京:化学工业出版社,2003:385-388 [4]陈穗仁,等。在热风干燥的特性在番茄薄片英寸的研究[J]。与农业高校学报,2000年,浙江,(2):133-135 [5]李炜,等。番茄真空冷冻干燥工艺的研究[J]。西安公路交通大学高校学报,2000,(6):32-34 [6]杜蔚华,孙金只等他去的真空冻结至少干大蒜粉的工艺[J]无光工作在锡高校学报,2003,(3):18-20 [7]木弘道(日)奶粉工程[M]。北京:轻工业出版社,1987:89北京 [8]陈伟e小林,乙醚处理的方法提取番茄英寸内的“番茄酱”的红色和纯研究[J]食品工业科技,2003,(4):65 - [9]张等的荣耀......番茄粉红色和纯稳定的过程中囤积的过程中番茄的研究[J]食品科学,2002,(8):33-37 [10]郭玉是明确的,姚志华,等..真空冷冻至少在升华干燥工艺参数的干旱可以消耗钢板组合的影响的试验研究[J]。农业工程学院学报,2004,(4):180-184

1、下载一个翻译软件或者搜索在线翻译直接在网站里翻译(这里以腾讯翻译君为例)

2、复制下这段文献,再粘贴进翻译工具里

3、最后点击翻译即可得到你要的翻译(以下是你这段文献的翻译)

[1] Chen Tang, Zhao Zukang, Chen Xingying, Hu system and its Automation Technology [M] .Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003 .

[2] Liu Jian. "Distribution Automation system (second Edition)" [M]. Beijing: China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 2003 .

[3] Lin Yongjun, Shi Yujie. Practical Technology of Distribution Network Automation [M]. Beijing: China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 2008.

[4] State Grid Corporation. Technical guidelines of Urban Distribution Network [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2010 .

[5]. Technical guidelines of Distribution Automation, State Grid Research Institute of China. .

[6] State Grid Corporation. Status and Development Analysis report of Distribution Network Automation Technology (sixth draft). .

[7] State Grid Corporation. "Technical principles of pilot Construction and Reconstruction of Distribution Automation." .

[8] IEC Management system Application Program Interface (EMS-API) [S].

[9] IEC 61968. system Interface for Power Enterprise Application Integrated Distribution Management [S]

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