爱伦坡论文开题报告

写哥特小说中的犯罪行为及其表达的内涵吧。

关于坡的恐怖描写?就是找一找国内外有什么人写了相关的论文啊或者评价.到CNKI上搜索吧.还有这个论题的意义是?.........我也不知道,反正就是坡的恐怖小说很恐怖吧?

我也是写的这个啊，是本科论文吗？我觉得很难写出新意啊，现在开题报告还没写。我准备写坡对哥特式小说的承袭和创新。好多都是从心理分析角度写的，我也不知道该怎么写了。保本最重要啊

爱伦全家于1820年7月回到里士满，埃德加在当地私立学校继续学业。表现出学习拉丁文以及对戏剧表演和游泳的天赋。写双行体讽刺诗。诗稿除《哦，时代！哦，风尚！》一首外均已遗失。倾慕一位同学的母亲简·斯坦纳德，后来把她描写为“我心灵第一个纯理想的爱”，并把她作为1831年发表的《致海伦》一诗的灵感来源。爱伦的商行在连续两年经济不景气后于1824年倒闭，但1825年他叔叔之死又使他成了一名富人，他在市中心买下了一幢房子。埃德加不顾双方家庭的强烈反对与爱弥拉·罗伊斯特私定终身。1826进入（一年前由托马斯·杰斐逊创办的）弗吉尼亚大学，古典，语言及现代语言成绩出众。发现爱伦提供的生活费不够开销，常参加赌博并输掉2000美元。爱伦拒绝为他支付赌债，坡回到里士满，发现罗伊斯特夫妇已成功地废除了他与爱弥拉的婚约。1827抱怨爱伦无情，不顾弗朗西丝·爱伦的一再劝慰于三月离家出走。化名“亨利·勒伦内”乘船去波士顿。五月应募参加美国陆军，报称姓名“埃德加·A·佩里”，年龄22岁，职业“职员”，被分派到波士顿港独立要塞的一个海岸炮兵团。说服一名年轻的印刷商出版了他的第一本书《帖木儿及其它诗》，作者署名为“波士顿人”，这本薄薄的诗集没引起人们注意。11月坡所在部队移防到南卡罗来纳州的莫尔特雷要塞。1828—29在一连串提升之后，坡获得了士兵中的最高军衔军士长。怀着当职业军人的打算谋求约翰·爱伦帮助谋求进入西点军校的机会。爱伦夫人于1829年2月28日去世，坡从军队荣誉退伍，居住在巴尔的摩几位父系亲戚家。在等候西点军校答复期间写信求爱伦出钱资助第二本诗集的出版，信中说“我早已不再把拜伦当作楷模。”爱伦拒绝资助，但《阿尔阿拉夫、帖木儿及小诗》仍于1829年12月由巴尔的摩的哈奇及邓宁出版社出版，这次坡署上了他自己的姓名。包括修改后的《帖木儿》和六首新作的该书样本得到著名评论家约翰·尼尔的认可，他为此书写了一篇虽短但却不乏溢美之词的评论。1830—311830年5月入西点军校；语言学识过人，因写讽刺军官们的滑稽诗而在学员中深得人心。约翰·爱伦于1830年10月再次结婚，婚后不久读到坡以“A先生并非经常清醒”开篇的来信，因此立即与坡断绝了关系。坡故意“抗命”(缺课，不上教堂，不参加点名)以求离开军校，1831年1月受军事法庭审判并被开除。2月到纽约。用军校同学捐赠的钱与一出版商签约出版《诗集》第二版。该书被题献给“合众国士官生”，内容包括《致海伦》、《以色拉费》、以及他第一次发表的评论性文章，即作为序的《致XX先生的信》。在巴尔的摩与姨妈玛丽亚，克蒂姆和她八岁的女儿弗吉尼亚同住；住姨妈家的还有坡的哥哥威廉·亨利，他于8月病逝，此外还有坡的祖母伊丽莎白·凯恩斯·坡，她因亡夫在独立战争中的贡献而领取的一点抚恤金弥补了这个家庭收入之不足。送交五个短篇小说参加费城《星期六信使报》主办的征文比赛；小说无一中奖，但全部被《信使报》于次年发表。1832—33住姨妈家，教表妹弗吉尼亚念书。写出六个短篇小说，希望加上《信使报》发表的5篇以《对开本俱乐部的故事》为书名结集出版。1833年夏天送交这六篇小说参加由巴尔的摩《星期六游客报》举办的征文比赛。《瓶中手稿》赢得五十美元的头奖，同时《罗马大圆形竞技场》在诗歌比赛中名列第二。两篇获奖作品均于1833年10月由《游客报》刊登。

爱伦坡哥特小说论文开题报告

推荐你看《哥特之魂》，您绝对会受益匪浅的，相信我。。。我也正在写哥特的论文，虽然是 in English的><

你的论文准备往什么方向写，选题老师审核通过了没，有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向？老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好？写论文之前，一定要写个大纲，这样老师，好确定了框架，避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况！！学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意，否则很可能发回来重新改，你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我，希望你能够顺利毕业，迈向新的人生。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

有资料，说明

我写得是把他的小说和改编电影结合在一起的，坡的作品和改编电影

埃德加爱伦坡毕业论文

A: Introduction: Edgar Allan Poe is nineteenth Century America famous novelist, poet and literary critic. Bernard Shaw once said: "American out of the two great writers, Allan Poe and Mark Twin." Mark Twain had already make known to every family, but Allan Poe's career, even in the first decadesafter death are left out in the cold, and even criticism. Until twentieth Century, he was gradually by the various schools of literary criticism in favor of. Poe wrote 70 short stories and 48 poems in his short life of the Communist Party of china. His poems focus on the subjective feelings, the pursuit of the beauty of music and beauty in form; novel with Gothic horror novel. This kind of work is often the story rather mysterious, people areinsane, is full of horror and weird things, creating a strong atmosphere of terror, straight hit the human heart, give a person with spiritual Allan Poe is an aesthete, he was full of frustrations, not all accepted by the public, this is undoubtedly a huge trauma on sensitive he, also have a great influence on his literary creation. He is good at the novel in a dark cold atmosphere, with its superior language skills and all threads neatly tied up the scene description, in-depth the inner world of characters, thenature of the dark Ugly Naked reduction to readers, to bring an unprecedentedsensory and mental impact to the people. D H Laurence in the "research USAclassical literature" (1923) of Edgar Allan Poe had such evaluation, he is "adeep human nature cave, cellars and creepy tunnel explorer". Edgar Allan Poeadvocated "art for art's sake". He thought that all the purpose of art is tocreate entertainment, not to reveal the truth. In story writing, artists should attempt to terror, thrilling and strong emotional effect. At the same time, literature should pay attention to harmony and atmosphere of the overall rendering. He founded his own theory of short stories -- Unity of effect theory in order to achieve this goal, he advocated the use of two strategies: one is limited in length, and resolutely not to help build the effect of words; the two is the effect of pre conceived, to effect coinedplot. Published in 1846, "a bucket of white Wine" (the cask of Amontillado)is one of the representative works of Poe's horror novels, but also fully embodies Poe's short story creation theory. In twentieth Century 90 years,western culture and literary theory circles have great in strength and impetus of the boom, this upsurge will almost all concerned with social history, political economic and cultural life, literary activities andliterary phenomena in the research field of slope, this is a controversialwriter involved, he and his works are the macroscopic and microcosmicperspective, the transverse and longitudinal all-round culture, the slope of the classic horror story "Armand Tirado" is also very deep. All along, the western literary critics have not given up on the slope, evaluation and even in many great writers of the same period will give him different. Tennyson(Tennyson) said Poe was the "most creative genius" American, Whitman(Whitman) said he is "imaginative literature electro-optic, bright, dazzling,but no heat". In China, disputes on slope is not so large, the POE themeinquiry, also have a method from a single criticism criticize. There also will be the study of Poe's novels were placed in a traditional or abackground of the research, such as slope and Gothic Fiction tradition or thechanges and development of slope is placed in the American novels underinvestigation. Two: domestic and foreign research: (foreign scholars to studyabroad:) Alan Poe's classic horror short story "Armand Tyra" the cask is very impressive, generally divided into three levels: level, personality of Poe'slife and character cut in his works; the text level: small in the Gothicstyle and unique the art of writing and abstract structure level. D H Laurence in the "research USA classical literature" (1923) of Edgar Allan Poehad such evaluation, he is "a deep human nature cave, cellars and creepytunnel explorer." Normal Gothic theory in many aspects, but in the "Armand Tirado" the cask barrel, performance is most pronounced on lots of novels andfrom a first person perspective technique. The text of the "I" is the narrator and protagonist, is also a not directly participate in the Revengeof language transfer, from him we can not infer any fundamental fact.(Chinese:) but, the domestic study on slope started in the last century,"five four" New Culture Movement你看看行不行

你和我写的差不多啊，去网上搜下，哥特文学的重要性。下面是我找的资料，你参考下吧。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。爱伦•坡被公认为是“第一个写出真正的哥特式小说精品的美国人．使哥特小说朝内在化方面发展最突出的作家。爱伦•坡的诸多短篇小说如：《厄舍古屋的倒塌》、《泄秘的心》、《黑猫》、《红死魔的面具》、《活埋》、《陷坑和钟摆》、《一桶白葡萄酒》等都含有浓郁的哥特意蕴。

写哥特小说中的犯罪行为及其表达的内涵吧。

爱伦坡毕业论文文献综述

英文原文：Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, o'er a perfumed sea, The weary, wayworn wanderer bore To his own native shore. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece And the grandeur that was Rome. Lo! in yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand, The agate lamp within thy hand! Ah, Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy Land! 译文：海伦，你的美在我的眼里，有如往日尼西亚的三桅船船行在飘香的海上，悠悠地把已倦于漂泊的困乏船员送回他故乡的海岸。早已习惯于在怒海上飘荡，你典雅的脸庞，你的鬈发，你水神般的风姿带我返航，返回那往时的希腊和罗马，返回那往时的壮丽和辉煌。看哪！壁龛似的明亮窗户里，我看见你站着，多像尊雕像，一盏玛瑙的灯你拿在手上！塞姬女神哪，神圣的土地才是你家乡！作者是是唯美主义者，十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家，其作品唯美的主要表现是在语言和形式上的精致、优美

太高深了。我不懂，加油！

"The Black Cat" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in the August 19, 1843, edition of The Saturday Evening Post. It is a study of the psychology of guilt, often paired in analysis with Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart".[1] In both, a murderer carefully conceals his crime and believes himself unassailable, but eventually breaks down and reveals himself, impelled by a nagging reminder of his guilt. The story is presented as a first-person narrative using an unreliable narrator. The narrator tells us that from an early age he has loved animals. He and his wife have many pets, including a large black cat named Pluto. This cat is especially fond of the narrator and vice versa. Their mutual friendship lasts for several years, until the narrator becomes an alcoholic. One night, after coming home intoxicated, he believes the cat is avoiding him. When he tries to seize it, the panicked cat bites the narrator, and in a fit of rage, he seizes the animal, pulls a pen-knife from his pocket, and deliberately gouges out the cat's that moment onward, the cat flees in terror at his master's approach. At first, the narrator is remorseful and regrets his cruelty. "But this feeling soon gave place to irritation. And then came, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, the spirit of PERVERSENESS." He takes the cat out in the garden one morning and hangs it from a tree, where it dies. That very night, his house mysteriously catches on fire forcing the narrator, his wife and their servant to next day, the narrator returns to the ruins of his home to find, imprinted on the single wall that survived the fire, the figure of a gigantic cat, hanging by its neck from a first, this image terrifies the narrator, but gradually he determines a logical explanation for it, that someone outside had thrown the dead cat into the bedroom to wake him up during the fire, and begins to miss Pluto. Some time later, he finds a similar cat in a tavern. It is the same size and color as the original and is even missing an eye. The only difference is a large white patch on the animal's chest. The narrator takes it home, but soon begins to loathe, even fear the creature. After a time, the white patch of fur begins to take shape and, to the narrator, forms the shape of the , one day when the narrator and his wife are visiting the cellar in their new home, the cat gets under its master's feet and nearly trips him down the stairs. In a fury, the man grabs an axe and tries to kill the cat but is stopped by his wife. Enraged, he kills her with the axe instead. To conceal her body he removes bricks from a protrusion in the wall, places her body there, and repairs the hole. When the police came to investigate, they find nothing and the narrator goes free. The cat, which he intended to kill as well, has gone the last day of the investigation, the narrator accompanies the police into the cellar. There, completely confident in his own safety, the narrator comments on the sturdiness of the building and raps upon the wall he had built around his wife's body. A wailing sound fills the room. The alarmed police tear down the wall and find the wife's corpse, and on her head, to the horror of the narrator, is the screeching black cat. As he words it: "I had walled the monster up within the tomb!" Like the narrator in Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart", the narrator of "The Black Cat" has questionable sanity. Near the beginning of the tale, the narrator says he would be "mad indeed" if he should expect a reader to believe the story, implying that he has already been accused of madness.[2]One of Poe's darkest tales, "The Black Cat" includes his strongest denouncement of alcohol. The narrator's perverse actions are brought on by his alcoholism, a "disease" and "fiend" which also destroys his personality.[3] The use of the black cat evokes various superstitions, including the idea voiced by the narrator's wife that they are all witches in disguise. The titular cat is named Pluto after the Roman god of the Underworld. Publication history"The Black Cat" was first published in the August 19, 1843 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. At the time, the publication was using the temporary title United States Saturday Post.[4] Readers immediately responded favorably to the story, spawning parodies including Thomas Dunn English's "The Ghost of the Grey Tadpole".[5][edit] Adaptations [edit] In film "The Black Cat" was adapted into a film starring Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff in 1934 and another with Lugosi and Basil Rathbone in 1941, although neither version bears much resemblance to the original story.[5] Many other adaptations exist but the most faithful to the original is the middle segment of Roger Corman's trilogy film Tales of Terror in 1962.[5] Although the overall film was cast with Vincent Price as the lead, in this segment, he was in a supporting role with Peter Lorre as the main character. The 1934 film Maniac also loosely adapts the story. This version follows a former vaudeville actor who kills a doctor and takes the doctor's place to hide his crime. "The Black Cat" was also adapted into a film of the same name by Italian horror director Lucio Fulci in 1981. Film director Dario Argento presented his own loose adaptation of the story in the 1990 anthology film Two Evil Eyes.[edit] In television "The Black Cat" is the eleventh episode of the second season of Masters of Horror. The plot essentially retells the short story in a semi-autobiographical manner, with Poe himself undergoing a series of events involving a black cat which he used to inspire the story of the same name.[edit] Recordings In 1997, a compilation of Poe's work was released on a double CD entitled Closed on Account of Rabies, with various celebrities lending their voices to the tales. The Black Cat was read by avant-garde performer Diamanda Galás.[edit] References in literary works In 1970, Czech writer Ludvík Vaculík made many references to "A Descent into the Maelstr�0�2m" as well as "The Black Cat" in his novel The Guinea Pigs.[edit] References in art In 1910-11 Futurist artist Gino Severini painted "The Black Cat" in direct reference to Poe's short story. An illustration and description can be found at this site

埃德加·爱伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe，1809—1849），美国小说家、诗人、批评家。提倡“为艺术而艺术”，宣扬唯美主义、神秘主义。受西欧尤其是法国资产阶级文学颓废派影响大。小说有《怪诞故事集》、《黑猫》、《莫格街谋杀案》等。论文有《写作的哲学》、《诗歌原理》等。爱伦·坡被誉为“侦探小说的鼻祖”。《莫格街谋杀案》、《罗杰疑案》和《失窃的信》被奉为侦探小说的先河。《莫格街谋杀案》写密室凶杀，凶手居然是猩猩。《罗杰疑案》借新闻报道，纯粹用推理形式破案。《失窃的信》是对人类心理进行解剖与逻辑演示的范本。在这三篇小说中塑造了业余侦探杜宾的形象，将科学精神和诗意灵韵融于这个理想的侦探身上，可以说他是柯南道尔笔下福尔摩斯的前辈

滑坡治理论文开题报告

开题报告主要包括：一、拟选论文题目：二、文献综述与选题报告要求：1. 引用外文文献不少于10篇，写出文献综述与选题书面报告，字数在3000字以上。2. 书面报告内容应包括：选题背景和意义，国内外研究动态，本论文的主要研究工作和基本框架，主要参考文献，预期成果和可能的创新点等；3. 填好“论文选题报告及论文工作计划”表，连同书面报告一起交研究生院备案；4. 书面报告的格式见附件。三、导师对选题报告的评语（就研究生对该研究领域国内外研究现状的了解情况、研究方法和手段、预期成果予以评价）：四、评审小组对选题的意见（是否同意选定该课题、是否同意选题报告通过、以及对下一阶段研究工作的建议；其他建议，如限期重作选题报告、终止培养建议等）：五、论文工作计划六、附件（一下为附件内容）拟选论文题目一、选题背景和意义二、国内外研究动态三、论文主要研究和基本框架四、预期成果和可能的创新点五、主要参考文献

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应对山体滑坡的山区公路施工措施论文

摘要: 滑坡对工程建设的危害很大，常使交通中断，影响公路的正常运输，本文结合实际，重点阐述了应对山体滑坡的山区公路施工措施。

关键词: 滑坡;公路;措施

1 滑坡概述

斜坡上的部分岩体和土体在自然或人为因素的影响下沿某个滑动面发生剪切破坏向下运动的现象称为滑坡。滑动面可以是受剪应力最大的贯通性剪切破坏面或带，也可以是岩体中已有的软弱结构面。规模大的滑坡一般是缓慢的、长期的往下滑动，有些滑坡滑动速度也很快，其过程分为蠕动变形和滑动破坏阶段，但也有一些滑坡表现为急剧的滑动，下滑速度从每秒几米到几十米不等。滑坡多发生在山地的山坡、丘陵地区的斜坡、岸边、路堤或基坑等地带。滑坡对工程建设的危害很大，轻则影响施工，重则破坏建筑;由于滑坡，常使交通中断，影响公路的正常运输;大规模的滑坡，可以堵塞河道，摧毁公路，破坏厂矿，掩埋村庄，对山区建设和交通设施危害很大。

滑坡分类的目的在于对发生滑坡作用的地质环境和形态特征以及形成滑坡的各种因素进行概括，以便反映出各类滑坡的工程地质特征及其发生发展的规律，从而有效地预测和预防滑坡的发生，或在滑坡发生之后有效的进行治理。根据不同的原则和指标，各国学者和工程部门对滑坡提出了各种分类方案。对于一个滑坡，从不同的角度可以有不同的分类，但实践中，我们应该抓住问题的主要矛盾，根据突出因素对滑坡进行分类，分类的原则就是看对我们认识、防治和处理此滑坡是否有帮助。

2 滑坡机理分析

在地质构造上，坡体表层为全、强风化岩层，岩性较软弱，岩石破碎，节理裂隙发育;

路堑边坡开挖后，造成坡体岩层层面临空，使坡体上的岩土体失去平衡;

路堑的开挖和削坡，破坏了坡体原有的平衡，同时坡体的卸荷，造成坡体节理裂隙张开，为坡体上水的入渗提供了通道，而灌溉水沟的存在又为坡体滑动提供了水源;

下渗的水软化强风化板岩和其中的泥质，为滑坡的最终形成提供了有利条件。

3 滑动面参数取值

根据对该滑坡勘察所取得的地质资料及目前滑坡的滑动状态，采用反演分析方法，选取典型的横断面反算滑面的力学参数，并将此反演值作为滑坡处理设计时的参数值。地下水是诱发滑坡的因素之一，在滑坡稳定性分析中，均考虑了地下水的场应力。

4 某山区公路应对滑坡的设计方案

按照“安全、环保、舒适、美观”的原则，在满足安全和规范要求的前提下，考虑施工技术的可行性和经济上的合理性，同时根据场地地形、工程地质条件及本合同段现场实际情况，对滑坡体进行处理。

在某山区公路施工中，由于滑坡推力较大，故在2#滑坡西块滑体的上级滑坡布设一排预应力锚索抗滑桩，以抵抗滑坡的下滑力作用，桩中心距左线线路中线约18m。由于锚索孔与桥墩存在交叉，部分抗滑桩因锚索与桥墩无法避开而改为普通抗滑桩。共设抗滑桩15根，其中锚索抗滑桩12根，普通抗滑桩3根。

主要施工流程

先施工抗滑桩，滑坡稳定后施工桥梁墩台。

锚索抗滑桩施工顺序为:测放桩位→清理并稳固桩孔附近坡面→施工抗滑桩锁口→开挖→节桩孔→绑扎护壁钢筋→支模→浇注护壁砼→开挖下一节桩孔→重复上面四道工序直到设计标高→封底→绑扎桩身钢筋→浇灌桩身砼至距桩头2m处，预留锚索孔位→浇注剩余砼。锚索孔钻孔→下钢绞线→注浆→张拉→锁定。

锚索与桩身工程可分别进行，先后顺序可根据实际情况确定，但应注意相互的配合与衔接。

抗滑桩施工

测量放桩

抗滑桩要按桩排方向及控制桩身的里程、坐标位置准确放线定位。

普通地质情况桩身开挖

a.抗滑桩施工前应先将桩位附近边坡或表层易滑塌部分清除，并做好桩位附近地表水的拦截工作。

b.抗滑桩跳桩分节开挖，做好锁口盘和每节护壁。每节开挖深度不超过1m，开挖一节，做好该节护壁，当护壁砼具有一定强度后方可开挖下一节，护壁各节纵向钢筋必须焊接，禁止简单绑扎。

c.浇筑护壁砼时，必须保证护壁不侵入桩截面净空以内。桩坑开挖过程中应随时校准其垂直度和净空尺寸。特殊地质情况桩身开挖

2#滑坡西块滑体6#～15#地质为褐黄、褐灰、褐黑色亚黏土，顶部松散。滑坡地段地表水、地下水丰富，桩身开挖过程中渗水量大，土质流动性大，呈流塑状，桩身护壁四周坍塌严重，成孔困难。护壁后侧的部位空洞严重，已完成的护壁承受土压力极大，导致护壁变形、开裂，给工程施工安全带来极大隐患。

特殊地质抗滑桩护壁施工处治方案:

(1)已完成的护壁，由于变形、开裂严重，用φ108*6钢管做横撑做临时支撑，控制护壁变形。

(2)在已完成的护壁上开孔，由孔口处向护壁后空洞部分填充C25砼，直至护壁后空洞完全密实为止。护壁开孔由上往下，尺寸为30×30cm方孔，按2m间距梅花型布设，并在开孔处适当加设φ25Ⅱ级钢筋，使护壁、填充砼、桩周土体形成一体。

(3)护壁砼厚度由原设计的`20cm调整至40cm，护壁钢筋由原单层钢筋网调整为双层钢筋网。抗滑桩每节护壁长度控制60cm。

(4)为保证抗滑桩顺利施工，在滑动面地段布置超前小导管，超前小导采用L=2mφ42*4花管，间距为50×50cm梅花型布置，外插角30度，小导管超前有效长度为，可以分二个至三个循环进行开挖。小导管采用双液注浆机注双液浆，双液浆配合比为C:S=1:水灰比为，注浆压力为。小导管不仅固结已开挖段护壁四周背后松散体，还起到超前支护的作用。

(5)护壁开挖严重无法进行，下步开挖时，回填透水性材料碎石土至开裂处进行二次开挖。

抗滑桩锚索施工

a.锚索孔位测放应准确，偏差不得超过±3口，倾角允许误差小于锚索长度的3%;考虑沉碴的影响，为确保锚索深度，实际钻孔深度再大于设计深度。

b.锚索钻孔时禁止开水钻进，以确保锚索深度施工不致于恶化滑坡工程地质条件。2#滑坡锚索施工时，锚索孔眼时常发生塌孔，不能正常施工。处治方法为注双液浆固结松散体，钻机二次钻孔。

c.锚索张拉分五级进行，每级荷载分别设计拉力的、、、、倍，最后一级需要稳定10～20分钟外，其余每级需要稳定5分钟，分别记录每一级钢绞线的伸长量。在每一级稳定时间内必须测读锚头位移三次。锚索张拉除考虑预张拉外还要交替分级张拉，交替张拉可保证各孔锚索受力均匀，张拉后若有明显的预应力损失，及时进行补张拉。

d.张拉到最后一级荷载且变形稳定后，卸荷至锁定锚索。锚索锁定后，按要求切除多余钢绞线，锚头及锚孔在桩身的锚孔部位补浆完成后，用C25砼及时封闭锚头。

5 结论

以上对滑坡的形态特征、影响边坡稳定性因素及滑坡形成条件、滑坡的防治措施做了简单的介绍。天然的或人工开挖形成的边坡到处可见，由于各种原因导致边坡失稳，引起各种规模的滑坡时有发生，给人们的生产生活带了巨大的灾难。因此，作为土木工程技术人员，我们有责任和义务去研究和治理滑坡，从而减少滑坡的发生和降低因滑坡造成的损失。相信通过我们研究的不断深入，滑坡现象将在一定程度上得到控制，我们的公路建设也会更加安全。

参考文献

[1]隆威，郝宇.关于某高速公路滑坡原因及处治措施分析.

[2]施凤彬.浅谈滑坡群抗滑桩施工技术.

[3]肖庆丰，孙连军，王火明.浅谈滑坡成因及防治措施[J].中国水运(学术版)，2006，9.

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