雾都孤儿的幽默艺术论文参考文献

：狄更斯是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义小说代表作家, 以独特的幽默艺术和入木三分的刻画功力享誉世界文坛。《雾都孤儿》是他的代表作, 对世界文学产生了重要的影响, 刮起了一股幽默之风。在这部小说中, 狄更斯运用油墨艺术记录当时儿童的真实生活, 再现了当时英国社会存在已久的贫民问题, 表达了深刻的反思, 充满了浓厚的批判色彩。本文重点分析了狄更斯《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术, 并对作者独特的幽默表现方式作探讨, 希望能够对读者的阅读有所帮助。关键词：狄更斯; 《雾都孤儿》; 幽默艺术;On Dickens' Humorous Art from Orphan of Whew CityZhang Wen-longWuxi Mechanical and Electrical Higher Vocational and Technical SchoolAbstract：Dickens is a famous writer of the 19 th-century English-famous critical realism novel, with a unique humorous art and a three-point scoring effort to enjoy the world's literary world. Orphan of Whew City is his masterpiece, has an important influence on the world literature, the wind blew up a sense of humor. In this novel, Dickens used the ink art to record the real life of the children at the time, and reproduced the long-lived problems of the poor people in the British society, expressing deep reflection and full of critical colors. This paper focuses on the analysis of Dickens Oliver Twist of the art of humor and the humor of the unique performance way, we hope to be able to help the ：Dickens; Orphan of Whew City; art of humor;一、幽默艺术的概述在现代汉语中“幽默”是一个舶来品, 是由英语“humour”直接音译过来的。《现代汉语词典》解释为“有趣或可笑而意味深长的”, 《辞海》中的“幽默”不仅仅是孤立的词语, 还是一种艺术, “通过讽喻、双关等修辞手法在善意的微笑中揭露乖讹和不通情理之处”, 达到愉快、情趣盎然的言语效果。提到幽默, 我们常常会想到讽刺一词, 这二者是有所不同的。在一个相同的滑稽因素中, 情感成分的比重增加, 理智成分减少, 这便是幽默;反之, 讽刺意味比较浓。了解这一点, 对于把握狄更斯小说的幽默艺术是十分有帮助的, 在他的前期小说中大多是善意、俏皮的幽默, 充满了轻松调侃的味道;后期小说中以黑色、揭露的幽默居多, 充满了愤世嫉俗的意味。明显, 《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术属于后者, 他的幽默是自然的, 是夸张的, 也是犀利的, 通过他的幽默艺术, 表达了对当时英国资本社会虚伪与黑暗的揭露和抨击。二、幽默艺术在《雾都孤儿》中的体现(一) 自然的幽默狄更斯在小说《雾都孤儿》中真实再现了19世纪英国现实的社会, 如对妓女、流氓、窃贼等描述符合他们在现实社会中的所作所为, 是小说自然主义写作手法的表现。由此可见, 狄更斯在进行小说创作时进行了细致、深入的观察, 运用最自然、真实的语言描述社会底层, 给人一种自然真实的幽默, 博得读者一笑的同时, 引发深层次的思考。1. 对反面人物的幽默描写。济贫院的老太太想尽一切办法地去霸占原本属于孤儿院的资金;棺材店的老板、老板娘为了减少开支, 让学徒多挣钱, 想方设法的让他少吃饭、多干活;在奥利弗请求为自己粥水失败后, 旁观的人认为奥利佛会因此受到残酷的惩罚甚至被绞死等。狄更斯通过写实的手法, 虽然笔墨不多, 却生动地勾勒出这些市井小民为了金钱和贪婪竟然不惜以他人的死活为代价的丑恶嘴脸。他们的所作所为让人感到可笑, 读者在冷笑的同时, 也感受到他们的冷漠、贪婪、傲慢、无情, 揭露了当时黑暗社会的冷酷无情。2. 对正面人物的幽默描写。与窃贼、妓女、流氓灯这些反面人物相比, 主人公奥利弗无论是性格还是言行举止, 都显得与众不同。虽然他从小生活在济贫院, 在棺材店当学徒, 误入贼窝, 经过百般周折, 历经了磨难, 奥利弗的内心仍然保持着可贵的正直、善良等可贵的品质。狄更斯在小说中描写主人公奥利弗在深陷贼窝后, 在掌握一种偷窃技巧后忍不住开怀大笑, 其天真乐观的心态一览无余, 内心丝毫没有被污染。通过正面人物与反面人物的对比, 突出了奥利弗内心的纯洁, 反衬出其他人行为的可笑。试想, 一个从小并没有接受过教育的人却有着高尚的道德, 而那些接受过高等教育的人行为却如此龌龊, 产生了强烈的对比。很明显狄更斯运用了幽默艺术, 对奥利弗及儿童寄托了美好的希望。(二) 夸张的幽默浪漫主义与现实主义都是十分重要的文学创作手法, 狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中充分地运用这两种写作手法。其中, 浪漫主义写作手法之一是通过对现实社会的夸张描写, 并结合现实主义与浪漫主义产生强烈的幽默效果。具体来说, 小说从情节设计、语言表达与人物形象等方面进行浪漫主义幽默描写。1. 情节设计的浪漫主义幽默。狄更斯在情节上设计了一系列的巧合, 体现了幽默性的特点。如主人公奥利弗第一次盗窃的对象是他父亲多年的好朋友布朗罗;奥利弗第二次在被赛克斯劫持的情况下去偷窃的对象是自己的亲姨妈露丝·梅莱家。这样夸张、巧合的情节设计既保证情节的顺利开展, 也让人们直观地认识、感受到19世纪英国社会的混乱充斥着讽刺与幽默, 使读者在冷笑过后深刻地体会到奥利弗在那样艰难的处境下还能保持自己纯真、善良与正直的可贵。2. 语言表达的浪漫主义幽默。正话反说或是过度反应等夸张的语言运用在小说《雾都孤儿》中体现得较为明显。比如奥利弗从小就是孤儿, 挣扎在生与死的边缘, 可狄更斯并没有直接描述主人公的身世如何凄惨, 而是这样写道:“在这短短的时间内, 幸亏周围不都是知冷着热的老太太、嘘寒问暖的阿姨、有经验的保姆和专业的大夫, 否则他必定会整死的。”狄更斯正是通过这种独有的黑色幽默揭露了奥利弗恶劣的环境和凄惨的生活。他在福利院饥饿难耐, 向厨师表示想要再来一碗的时候, 对厨师及其助手的描写使用了过度反应, 厨师“立马愣住, 脸色发青”, 厨师助手“震惊得忘记了动作”, 折射出福利院工作人员对孤儿的冷漠, 具有幽默讽刺意味, 给读者留下深刻的影响。3. 人物形象的浪漫主义幽默。在人物形象方面, 作者狄更斯也进行了浪漫主义的刻画与夸张的处理。比如格林维格在说话的时候总是不忘带上一句口头禅:“我要把我自己的脑袋吃掉”作结尾;班布尔在干活的时候总是喜欢戴着一顶三角帽。读者在阅读的时候似乎看到了滑稽可笑的人物, 丑态毕现。这样, 狄更斯通过夸张的幽默艺术手法, 真实地揭露了那些贵族绅士在衣冠楚楚的背后无尽的贪婪、自私、凶残、冷漠, 可谓丑态毕露。(三) 犀利的幽默狄更斯在小说《雾都孤儿》中, 较多地运用了“犀利”的幽默, 在描写反面人物上体现得淋漓尽致。如在小说结尾处, 盗窃团伙的首领也是杀人犯费金接受了应有的惩罚。在这段一描写中, 狄更斯通过细节描写, 融合想象力, 细腻地刻画了令人发笑的滑稽心理。“他从天花板看到地板, 看见无数重重叠叠的眼睛注视着自己。当他听到他的罪行报告时, 又向律师投去了恳求的目光, 希望是律师能为自己辩护几句。这时, 他好像在围观他的人群中, 看到了有的人在吃东西, 有的人在用手帕扇着风, 还有一位青年在以他为模特画素描。他想伸过头去看看这位青年到底画得像不像......他看到有个人进去又出来, 他想:应该是去吃饭了吧, 也不知道是在吃什么。他又看到栏杆上的铁刺, 心想这应该很容易折断吧。当他又听到自己将被判处绞刑, 便喃喃自语:自己的岁数大了, 大了, 然后什么也说不出来了。”这段话看似啰嗦, 其实是对杀人犯费金在审判台上的彷徨无助, 恐惧绝望的心理状态进行了细腻、深刻的描写, 颇具幽默讽刺意味。“善有善报, 恶有恶报”, 反面人物费金终于得到应有的恶报, 这与读者产生了道德上的认同。狄更斯在这里所运用的幽默艺术是犀利的, 针对的是一群人, 是英国当时社会的方方面面, 有力地抨击了整个社会的丑恶乱象。三、结语总之, 狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中运用了独特的幽默艺术, 再现19世纪英国的黑暗社会, 折射出形形色色的人物。自然、夸张、犀利三种幽默艺术交融相加, 对正面人物和反面人物进行描写, 大大增加了作品的内涵与吸引力, 让读者在开怀一笑的同时, 感到深深的沉痛, 引发对当时的社会现实进行了深刻的反思。这也是到今天《雾都孤儿》仍然能够长盛不衰的原因所在。

The work of the protagonist Oliver is an orphan, and grew up in the courtyard of the poor relief, others have been subject to discrimination. Because the extremely ill-treatment and fled to London, into Zeiwo, called by the beating, growing up, I do not know how much to eat suffered. While growing up in such an environment, but there is a Buddha Orie good heart, no matter by how much pain he did not want to do bad things is the greatest determination. He was Shouen people will never forget can not thank the benefactor. Although he is subject to a number of well-intentioned people and the sympathy of the adoption, such as Bulang Lu President, Lennart Meri wife, but the thieves, the group still did not miss him, and his half-brother also wish to kill him. Oliver's fate is tragic, but he's also been well-intentioned people to help identify his life, and the heritage. He has been the fate of the final change is expected to become a useful person to society. This works in Orie wrote at the beginning of the Buddha in relief of the poor house, in Charles Dickens described the living conditions of the poor house when a very ironic way: "Every child has a bowl of thin gruel, and that can not be increased only once To important public holiday, with the exception of a bowl of porridge outside in order to increase two and a quarter ounces of bread. They do not need to eat the Zhou Wan never wash, the children always scraping bowl of the spoon sauce residue has been driven Zeng Ming-Liang Shuo bowl. Scraping bowl of the matter is completed, they sit there and stare at large Tongguo helplessly, as if they are able to block a piece of brick stoves have to swallow it. This is a heinous and Tian Zhao They also own and finger , Ba Wangzhe a splash a few drops from child star to porridge. "Can be seen from the lives of those orphans how poverty, hunger throughout the day in the state, and no hope of Tianzhao his little finger, Bawang Zhao splash over the Congee child stars. One can imagine the children's life is very tragic, and Orie on the Buddha in such an environment. It is in the form of novels by Dickens to reflect the dark reality of the society and capitalist society under the lives of people of how poverty, poor life as works written by the same. Charles, known as the Victorian age eyes, because the novel in the form of the observed things with the novel in the form of re-emerged. That is why this works is the content of the true reflection of society at that time, and I think that the author describes the relief of the poor orphans living with a very vivid image of the language, a sharp way to expose the community The dark. Dickens wrote in the book a few years ago, the British Parliament adopted a new method of relief, cancellation of poor relief, but the poor directly to the port to house the poor relief. Dickens described the relief of the poor house at the time of poor relief is a true portrayal of the hospital. Poor relief in the hospital in no democracy, no freedom, only to be abused, hungry cold, a Mianhuangjishou months, fell to the ground at all times as likely to die, and the Diocese of those officers, those who Explorer, but eat a fat Head of the brain fertilizer, the full spirit. Dickens works in the hospital for the poor relief vivid description is a reflection of social problems. Some people think Charles Dickens's works this is a serious literary works, it works because it made a deep social problems, social development and progress is of great historical significance. In this work successfully in Dickens depicts a series of characters, such as the Diocese of General bampur, thieves old man and head of the Jewish charity school students Noah, the bandit Powu Monks, and so on. Did not have to portray a lifelike, life-like image. However, the most successful works portray the character or the protagonist Oliver and the woman stole Nancy. Oliver was born with a moral people, know how to map Temple has been reported. He ate a lot a lot of suffering, but in the end, finally met a good man. Whether Bulang Lu President, Lennart Meri, or his wife or Miss Meri, Orie Fodu treated as ordinary family, even though he is a "thief" who are sympathetic to him, his adoption, and that he receive a good education, and finally get Qing his life, his legacy fight back. Oliver described the events of all, I admire the most is the sixth chapter say when he was struggling to resist mocking the incident, as the authors put it, "On the surface I have described is not so small Important, but in fact he was Oliver's future development and are indirectly affected, and has had a major change. "Oliver in the poor house while growing up, there will be no freedom itself, to be disposal, but he A very strong self-esteem, Noah in the face of personal attacks, he was extremely excited. Noah and because of Oliver's mother died of a vicious insult to his indignation, blood boiling. "He immediately jumped up, an overturned the tables and chairs, and then Noah caught the pipe, to exhaust the body's effort to shake in fury of Noah, Noah has been a bit of teeth chattered issue of noise, and then He gathered together a whole body of Noah's efforts to blow hard, straight knocked him to the ground. "Oliver reaction puzzled me, common sense, he has been a quiet, modest, though by non - Who has abused a dejected from the juvenile Gan unlucky, but at the moment cohesion of the whole body strength Noah beat. What is the strength of his courage to make such a decision, perhaps it should not be "decided" it, a strong sense of anger so that he has lost his reason, he does not allow other people to his mother in the slightest insulting. While Oliver's mother, his memory, the memory never know his mother look like. However, the mother has been accompanied by a sense of respect for him. So, when Noah insult his mother, Oliver showed no emotion before. The incident was the result of Oliver was beaten up and detained. Charles Dickens wrote in the details below, not only for paving the way, but also a deeper portrait of the heroine works Oliver's image, in order to safeguard the dignity of the mother, just go ahead Many scholars think that works in a portrait of the most successful characters is Nancy, while Oliver to work for the main character, but from the social psychology and psychoanalysis point of view, the role of Nancy greater practical significance. Nancy is a psychological complex young women, from childhood growing up in the Group of thieves, no one knew her life, she entered the post-Zeiwo did not have any good people, of course, the final Bulang Lu also met with President Lennart Meri and Miss But then it was too late. Finally, her tragic death at the hands of the bandits Sykes, her fate is tragic, as in the real world into a triad of orphans after the end of the same. Nancy seen through the group of thieves all the ugly things, that her aversion treacherous, vicious, ruthless cruelty, inhuman things, but she is also the Group of thieves have a certain feeling, and want to leave. She has sympathy for Oliver, as for their treatment as his younger brother, in times of crisis to disregard their own safety to come forward and saved him, but he will have to personally Oliver thieves onto the road. She envied culture and education, the warmth of the family women, but because of her own humble status Yingshang Qu dare not, dare not wish for such a happy life. She is the heart of the conflict, when Bulang Lu and President Lennart Meri Miss advised her to leave the Group of thieves over a new leaf, she refused their offers of help, although she had a yearning for this kind of life. Nancy contradictions from her in to see if the original: "I do not want to do it! I do not want to do it! Though he is the devil, and he even told me yet more vicious than the devil, but I do not want to do ... then another ... One reason is that his life of crime is life, I am also live in sin, we are together for many years to live such a life, so I can not betray them, not to mention some of them may have betrayed me, but They did not sell out, even though they are bad people. "Her inner conflict is real, in line with the general psychological normal. There are a lot of female juvenile offenders, once on the wrong may be similar to that of Nancy ideological contradictions: both want to leave the crime associates also want to leave. Although Nancy Sykes hated doing, but he can not do without, it was of the view that Nancy is not reasonable, but in any case, her actions are all true. Psychological and ideological problems is in itself a complex issue as it is not possible to use simple methods can be resolved. Nancy Oliver, and this is the work of the two most representative figure, which is undeniable. Dickens portrayed in these two figures also spent a wonderful way. However, I would like to talk about is the image of another person Monks. Monks is Oliver's half-brother, who was extremely cruel, to be his brother's property destroyed at the expense of their own younger brother. I think Charles Monks at the describing the act when a clever arrangement. Monks and the role is a reflection of society at that time some of the children of the nobility EXILE. Monks is a smart, he knows how to ease access to his brother's property. Monks at the Dickens portrayed the characters can be on step-by-step. First of all, Monks is to look at the class when Mr. Bull appeared, the first author of the text did not mention him, so I read in class, Mr. Bull to meet the guests unfamiliar with the plot, on intuition told me that this works The plot will reach another climax. The mysterious people coming out, is scheduled to have a good, but I did not expect this so-called mystery is who would be Oliver's brother, but did not expect the paper after he had played such an important role. Charles gave the Monks "smart" in mind, set up a seamless clothing plans, and the Monks in the implementation of this plan are not thieves with Lin Yu co-leader of the Jewish old man, can be called up for the purpose of the unscrupulous. Finally, the plan is brought to light, Monks also ended in defeat. I think the Charles Oliver's brother wrote a greedy, ruthless, shameless, on the one hand, the work can culminate in the story, on the other hand, fully demonstrated the reality of society in order to achieve the purpose of the fire regardless of the tragic family Phenomenon. The author of this sharp touch of irony at the time the fire agency, while at the same time want to wake up those sad people, they wake up the conscience and consciousness, to awaken the consciousness of all the people. After reading the novel, I was not quiet for a long time. Oliver is a strong, kind-hearted, intelligent and brave and innocent boy, but experienced a difficult life, the ultimate storm, ushered in a happy life. And we are now living in the honey tank in Waterloo-fu, has often complained that always satisfied. But we have thought about, there are many poor children, are faced with the loss of loved ones, vagrancy of life, perhaps in the face of dropping out of school and the plight of the hungry. They are filled with love of life, looking forward to a bright classrooms, a yearning for delicious food or warm clothing. In the face of these eager children live in poverty, we can turn a blind eye to it? Can not stand idly by? When I read Dickens to write about the lives of the poor orphan house, my mind flashed always saw on television pictures of refugees in Africa. The old social life of the poor are poor, hungry cold it is not unusual things, and in the 21st century, in this era of civilization, hunger, fear, the cold remains. In that Oliver had been abused, beaten by the circumstances, and when I do not think of the often seen in the streets and show those begging children. These shabby heard that the children into a gang is organized, whether it be money or show has been begging for money, hard or stolen money, but also turned over to their "head." This is the civilized society? The fate of the children, their lives, and works of Charles Dickens orphan Oliver's life, what difference does? Oliver is lucky, good people can encounter. But in reality those organizations into the unknown children, their fate will be how well-intentioned people can encounter it? I do not think so, they may be ending as it works in Nancy, or died of starvation and disease. This is the so-called civilized society, the inevitable result. The more social progress, the more human civilization, and those bad elements are, the more furious, and unfortunately into the hands of their children, the more tragic fate. Therefore, we need love to help those in the midst of the people to help them out, ushering in a happy life. The works I think of many real-life scenarios, I touch on a lot. Now, I'd like to go back to Dickens's art and writing in order to charm. Dickens is the Victorian representative of the critical realism, written in the book when he was a youth, when he hopes to use his novel of social reform, but his community is not enough understanding of the profound, at the time of the ruling class also With the hope of a better place. In this work also reflects his idea. Under normal circumstances, the best realism in the novel, the story is often in a specific environment under the action of the history of the development of character, that is, Gorky said "some kind of character typical of the history and composition of growth." However, Charles Dickens, his informal set of any cell, the number of coincidence want to arrange the number of coincidence. If Oliver for the first time with the thieves took to the streets to be out of pocket, he is a friend of his late father before his death, Mr. Bulang Lu; thieves in his second head hostage Sikes under the burglary of the stolen happens to be his pro-aunt Ruth Merritt family; Also, due to his messenger haste to go and hit those who have the means哥哥蒙克斯him, and the Monks are let in the collision, he is looking for his brother. This is a series of coincidence in the sense just can not be justified in any case, however, Dickens's own rich imagination and clever idea, in the specific circumstances described in the breath of life and full of passion, so that readers can not breathe when reading a tension , That would have been far-fetched, unnatural circumstances has no choice but to believe, and have a great interest in this, can not wait to read down. This is the art of Dickens World charm. In addition, from a political perspective, this work made orphans of the social status of this very real problem, and, as well as the issue directly related to the issue of the quality of officials, community organizations, as well as a number of law in all sectors of the people's psychological tendencies And a long mental illness issues. Dickens has pointed out that one of these problems, but he thought of a way to solve these problems is not realistic. This is because the youth of his community not to understand the profound. With his wealth of experience of society, the society is also a deeper understanding of his ideas are slowly maturing, which, in his later works will be able to be reflected. Charles to use his vast and profound language to give the reader sometimes laughing, sometimes knowing smile, they are sometimes shed tears of laughter or pain and numbness of helpless laughter. However, no matter what kind of laughter, given all the capitalist society of endless irony.

狄更斯是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义小说代表作家, 以独特的幽默艺术和入木三分的刻画功力享誉世界文坛。《雾都孤儿》是他的代表作, 对世界文学产生了重要的影响, 刮起了一股幽默之风。在这部小说中, 狄更斯运用油墨艺术记录当时儿童的真实生活, 再现了当时英国社会存在已久的贫民问题, 表达了深刻的反思, 充满了浓厚的批判色彩。本文重点分析了狄更斯《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术, 并对作者独特的幽默表现方式作探讨, 希望能够对读者的阅读有所帮助。

狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中运用了独特的幽默艺术, 再现19世纪英国的黑暗社会, 折射出形形色色的人物。自然、夸张、犀利三种幽默艺术交融相加, 对正面人物和反面人物进行描写, 大大增加了作品的内涵与吸引力, 让读者在开怀一笑的同时, 感到深深的沉痛, 引发对当时的社会现实进行了深刻的反思。这也是到今天《雾都孤儿》仍然能够长盛不衰的原因所在。

雾都孤儿论文外文参考文献

《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯第二部长篇小说。这位年仅二十五岁的小说家决心学习英国现实主义画家威廉•荷加斯（William Hogarth,1697一1764）的榜样，勇敢地直面人生，真实地表现当时伦敦贫民窟的悲惨生活。他抱着一个崇高的道德意图：抗议社会的不公，并唤起社会舆论，推行改革，使处于水深火热中的贫民得到救助。正因为如此，狄更斯历来被我国及前苏联学者界定为“英国文学上批判现实主义的创始人和最伟大的代表”。对此，我有一些不同的见解：文学艺术是一种特殊的社会意识形态，它必然是社会存在的反映。但是，我们决不能把反映现实的文学都说成是现实主义文学，把“现实主义”的外延无限扩展。事实上，作家运用的创作方法多种多样，因人而异，这和作家的特殊气质和性格特点密切相关。狄更斯的创作，想象力极为丰富，充满诗的激情，他着意渲染自己的道德理想，处处突破自然的忠实临摹，借用一句歌德的话：它比自然高了一层。这和萨克雷、特洛罗普等坚持的客观。冷静、严格写实的方法有显著的区别。

毕业设计，各个专业，帮您毕业，北京硕士团队

文学研究论文参考文献

论文写作中我们需要大量阅读参考文献来丰富我们的知识面，拓展我们的知识深度。下面是我和大家分享的文学研究论文参考文献，更多内容请关注毕业论文网。

篇一：参考文献

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[3] 赵菁婕. 论文学翻译中的创造性叛逆[D]. 青岛大学 2014

[4] 李夏. 女性哥特视角下《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》的对比分析[D]. 中国海洋大学 2013

[5] 阳英. 关联理论视角下《雾都孤儿》荣译本与何译本比较研究[D]. 湖南工业大学 2014

[6] 沈蔼亲. 操纵学派“忠实观”与传统“忠实观”的对比研究[D]. 湖南工业大学 2014

[7] 郭慧. 操纵论视角下理雅各与许渊冲《诗经》英译本的对比研究[D]. 湖南工业大学 2013

[8] 王番. 概念隐喻理论视角下的情感隐喻翻译[D]. 南京工业大学 2013

[9] 姜姗. 语境视域下的英语经济新闻文本汉译实践报告[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[10] 蔡莹莹. 风景抒情唐诗英译的象似性研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[11] 王凯华. 帕尔默文化语言学视角下的宋词英译意象传递研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[12] 滕娇月. 概念整合理论视阙下唐诗颜色词的英译研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[13] 王筱. 默认值图式视域下的《聊斋志异》英译研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[14] 支翠霞. 新闻翻译的后殖民视角[D]. 湖南工业大学 2012

[15] 薛颖然. 目的论视野下的英汉字幕翻译[D]. 湖南工业大学 2012

[16] 贺倩. 女性主义翻译理论与小说Jane Eyre的翻译[D]. 新疆师范大学 2012

[17] 何婧舒. 操纵理论视角下《简·爱》两个中译本的文化再现比较研究[D]. 四川师范大学 2012

[18] 吴云云. 《简爱》的女权话语研究[D]. 华北电力大学(北京) 2010

[19] 纪娜. 成长路上的逃离与皈依[D]. 湖南师范大学 2008

[20] 胡娟娟. 《简·爱》在20世纪中国的经典化建构及其女主人公的形象变迁[D]. 上海外国语大学 2012

篇二：参考文献

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[2] 胡安江. 文本旅行与翻译研究[J]. 四川外语学院学报. 2007(05)

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[4] 孟昭毅，李载道主编.中国翻译文学史[M]. 北京大学出版社， 2005

[5] 张南峰着.中西译学批评[M]. 清华大学出版社， 2004

[6] 谢天振着.译介学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1999

[7] (美)爱德华·W.赛义德()着，谢少波，韩刚等译.赛义德自选集[M]. 中国社会科学出版社， 1999

[8] 冯庆华，主编.文体翻译论[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 2002

[9] 陈福康着.中国译学理论史稿[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 2000

[10] 刘宓庆着.当代翻译理论[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司， 1999

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[13] 符白羽. 从旅行理论看文学作品在翻译中的旅行[J]. 长沙大学学报. 2006(04)

[14] 赵俊姝. 文学多元系统理论视角解读胡适翻译思想[J]. 昆明师范高等专科学校学报. 2005(02)

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[16] 苏留华. 小说对话的翻译--从符号学角度分析《简·爱》[J]. 广州大学学报(社会科学版). 2004(11)

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篇三：参考文献

[1] 刘美玲. 操控理论视角下《世界是平的》两中译本的研究[D]. 华中师范大学 2013

[2] 杨晓琳. 从翻译共性的角度探析英译汉中的“翻译文体”[D]. 浙江大学 2013

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[14] 谢世坚. 从中国近代翻译文学看多元系统理论的局限性[J]. 四川外语学院学报. 2002(04)

[15] 郑雪青. 《简·爱》两个译本翻译比较[J]. 齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2001(01)

[16] 潘红. 夹缝里的风景--谈黄源深先生《简爱》译本的审美特点[J]. 福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2002(02)

[17] 颜凡博. 从文化差异角度谈中式菜名的英译[D]. 中北大学 2011

[18] 赵伟. 鲁迅小说两个英译本的对比研究[D]. 上海海运学院 2000

[19] Zhang Haifeng. A Principle with the English Translation of Chinese Classical Poetry[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2001

[20] 陈王青. 虚构专名英译中的行为常式[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2007

[21] 杜洪洁. 政治与翻译：西方(后)现代主义小说在中国的译介(1979-1988)[D]. 天津理工大学 2008

雾都孤儿论文英语参考文献

Oliver Twist一、英国作家狄更斯的名著。关于狄更斯和他的小说艺术，心里早有一些想法，趁写这篇前言之便，说出来，就正于广大狄更斯爱好者。狄更斯生于英国朴茨茂斯的一个贫苦家庭，父亲是个海军小职员，10岁时全家被迁入债务入监狱，11岁起就开始承担繁重的家务，12岁时被迫辍学到鞋油作坊当学徒，饱受侮辱，从而对工人阶级的生活和苦难有所了解，尤其对不幸的儿童产生了深厚的同情。16岁时，他在律师事务所当缮写员，走遍伦敦大街小巷，广泛了解社，后又担任法庭速记员和新闻记者，熟悉了议会政治中的种种弊端。当时他为伦敦几家报纸拟稿。狄更斯发表1836年底的第一部长篇小说、讽刺资产阶级民主虚伪性的〈匹克威克外传〉就取得了惊人的成就，使他一举成名。此后34年中，他共写了十几部长篇小说。24岁时和凯瑟琳女士结婚，由于性格和趣味上的差异，给他的创作，特别是晚年生活带来不幸。他一生除了刻苦写作外还喜欢戏剧，曾亲自参加演出和导演，举办过朗诵会。1870年6月他在写作小说〈艾德温。德鲁德之谜〉时，由于劳累过度，谇然逝世。葬于伦敦斯敏斯特教堂。狄更斯在小说中无情地揭露和鞭挞了资本主义社会的黑暗和虚伪。1838年和1839年，他发表了〈雾都孤儿〉和〈尼古拉斯。尼可贝〉，描写了资本主义社会穷苦儿童的悲惨生活，揭露了贫民救济所和学校教育的黑暗。狄更斯是英国最伟大的小说家之一，英国现实主义文学的杰出代表，对世界文学有巨大的影响。《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯第二部长篇小说。这位年仅二十五岁的小说家决心学习英国现实主义画家威廉•荷加斯（William Hogarth,1697一1764）的榜样，勇敢地直面人生，真实地表现当时伦敦贫民窟的悲惨生活。他抱着一个崇高的道德意图：抗议社会的不公，并唤起社会舆论，推行改革，使处于水深火热中的贫民得到救助。正因为如此，狄更斯历来被我国及前苏联学者界定为“英国文学上批判现实主义的创始人和最伟大的代表”。对此，我有一些不同的见解：文学艺术是一种特殊的社会意识形态，它必然是社会存在的反映。但是，我们决不能把反映现实的文学都说成是现实主义文学，把“现实主义”的外延无限扩展。事实上，作家运用的创作方法多种多样，因人而异，这和作家的特殊气质和性格特点密切相关。狄更斯的创作，想象力极为丰富，充满诗的激情，他着意渲染自己的道德理想，处处突破自然的忠实临摹，借用一句歌德的话：它比自然高了一层。这和萨克雷、特洛罗普等坚持的客观。冷静、严格写实的方法有显著的区别。试以《雾都孤儿》为例，（一）个性化的语言是狄更斯在人物塑造上运用得十分出色的一种手段。书中的流氓、盗贼、妓女的语言都切合其身份，甚至还用了行业的黑话。然而，狄更斯决不作自然主义的再现，而是进行加工、提炼和选择，避免使用污秽、下流的话语。主人公奥立弗语言规范、谈吐文雅，他甚至不知偷窃为何物。他是在济贫院长大的孤儿，从未受到良好的教育，所接触的都是罪恶累累、堕落不堪之辈，他怎么会讲这么好的英文呢？这用“人是一切社会关系总和”的历史唯物主义观点是无法解释的。可见，狄更斯着力表现的是自己的道德理想，而不是追求完全的逼真。（二）在优秀的现实主义小说中，故事情节往往是在环境作用下的人物性格发展史，即高尔基所说的“某种性格、典型的成长和构成的历史”。然而，狄更斯不拘任何格套，想要多少巧合就安排多少巧合。奥立弗第一次跟小偷上街，被掏兜的第一人恰巧就是他亡父的好友布朗罗。第二次，他在匪徒赛克斯的劫持下入室行窃，被偷的恰好是他亲姨妈露丝•梅莱家。这在情理上无论如何是说不过去的。但狄更斯自有天大的本领，在具体的细节描写中充满生活气息和激情，使你读时紧张得喘不过气来，对这种本来是牵强的、不自然的情节也不得不信以为真。这就是狄更斯的艺术世界的魅力。（三）狄更斯写作时，始终有一种“感同身受的想象力”（Sympathetic imagination），即使对十恶不赦的人物也一样。书中贼首、老犹太费金受审的一场始终从费金的心理视角出发。他从天花板看到地板，只见重重叠叠的眼睛都在注视着自己。他听到对他罪行的陈述报告，他把恳求的目光转向律师，希望能为他辩护几句。人群中有人在吃东西，有人用手绢扇风，还有一名青年画家在画他的素描，他心想：不知道像不像，真想伸过脖子去看一看……一位绅士出去又进来，他想：准是吃饭去了，不知吃的什么饭？看到铁栏杆上有尖刺，他琢磨着：这很容易折断。从此又想到绞刑架，这时，他听到自己被处绞刑。他只是喃喃地说，自己岁数大了，大了，接着就什么声音也发不出来了。在这里，狄更斯精心选择了一系列细节，不但描绘了客观事物，而且切入了人物的内心世界，表现了他极其丰富的想象力。他运用的艺术方法，不是“批判现实主义”所能概括的。我倒是赞赏英国作家、狄更斯专家乔治•吉辛（George Giss－ing，1857—1903）的表述，他把狄更斯的创作方法称为“浪漫的现实主义”（romantic realism）。我认为这一表述才够准确，才符合狄更斯小说艺术的实际。小说的主人公奥利弗。特威斯特，是一名生在济贫院的孤儿，忍饥挨饿，备受欺凌，由于不堪棺材店老板娘、教区执事邦布儿等人的虐待而独自逃往伦敦，不幸刚一到达就误入贼窟。窃贼团伙的首领费金千方百计，企图把奥利弗训练为扒手供他驱使。奥利弗跟随窃贼伙伴“机灵鬼”和贝茨上街时，被误认为他偷了一位叫布朗洛的绅士(恰巧是他父亲生前的好友)的手绢而被警察逮捕。后因书摊老板证明了他的无辜，说明小偷另有其人，他才被释放。由于他当时病重昏迷，且容貌酷似友人生前留下的一副少妇画像，布朗洛收留他在家中治病，得到布朗洛及其女管家比德温太太无微不至的关怀，第一次感受到人间的温暖。窃贼团伙害怕奥利弗会泄露团伙的秘密，在费金指示下，塞克斯和南希费尽心机，趁奥利弗外出替布朗洛归还书摊老板的图书的时候用计使他重新陷入了贼窟。但当费金试图惩罚毒打奥利弗的上时候，南希挺身而出保护了奥利弗。费金用威胁、利诱、灌输等手段企图迫使奥利弗成为一名窃贼，成为费金的摇钱树。一天黑夜，奥利弗在塞克斯的胁迫下参加对一座大宅院的行窃。正当奥利弗准备趁爬进窗户的机会向主人报告时，被管家发现后开枪打伤。窃贼仓惶逃跑时，把奥利弗丢弃在路旁水沟之中。奥利弗在雨雪之中带伤爬行，无意中又回道那家宅院，昏到在门口。好心的主人梅丽夫人及其养女罗斯小姐收留并庇护了他。无巧不成书，这位罗斯小姐正是奥利弗的姨妈，但双方都不知道。在梅丽夫人家，奥利弗真正享受到了人生的温馨和美好。但费金团伙却不能放过奥利弗。有一天一个名叫蒙克斯的人来找费金，这人是奥利弗的同父异母兄长，由于他的不肖，他父亲在遗嘱中将全部遗产给了奥利弗，除非奥利弗和蒙克斯是一样的不肖儿女，遗产才可由蒙克斯继承。为此蒙克斯出高价买通费金，要他使奥利弗变成不可救药的罪犯，以便霸占奥利弗名下的全部遗产，并发泄自己对已去世的父亲的怨恨。正当蒙克斯得意洋洋的谈到他如何和帮布尔夫妇狼狈为奸，毁灭了能证明奥利弗身份的唯一证据的时候，被南希听见。南西见义勇为，同情奥利弗的遭遇，冒生命危险，偷偷找到罗斯小姐，向她报告了这一切。正当罗斯小姐考虑如何行动时，奥利弗告诉她，他找到了布朗洛先生。罗斯小姐就和布朗洛商议了处理方法。罗斯小姐在布朗洛陪同下再次和南西会面时，布朗洛获知蒙克斯即他的已故好友埃得温。利弗得的不肖儿子，决定亲自找蒙克斯交涉，但他们的谈话被费金派出的密探听见。塞克斯就凶残的杀害了南西。南西之死使费金团伙遭到了灭顶之灾。费金被捕，后上了绞刑架，塞克斯在逃窜中失足被自己的绳子勒死。与此同时，蒙克斯被布朗洛挟持到家中，逼他供出了一切，事情真相大白，奥利弗被布朗洛收为养子，从此结束了他的苦难的童年。为了给蒙克斯自新的机会，把本应全归奥利弗继承的遗产分一半给他。但蒙克斯劣性不改，把家产挥霍殆尽，继续作恶，终被锒铛入狱，死在狱中。邦布尔夫恶有恶报，被革去一切职务，一贫如洗，在他们曾经作威作福的济贫院度过余生。在这本书中，奥利弗、南希、罗斯小姐都是善良的代表，他们都出生于苦难之中，在黑暗和充满罪恶的世界中成长，但在他们的心中始终保持着一偏纯洁的天地，一颗善良的心，种种磨难并不能使他们堕落或彻底堕落，发而更显示出他们出污泥而不染的光彩夺目的晶莹品质。最后，邪不胜正，正义的力量战胜了邪恶，虽然南希最后遇难，但正是她的死所召唤出来的惊天动地的社会正义力量，正是她在冥冥中的在天之灵，注定了邪恶势力的代表——费金团伙的灭顶之灾。因此在小说中，南希的精神得到了升华，奥利弗则得到了典型意义上的善报。而恶人的代表——费金、蒙克斯、邦布尔、塞克斯无不一一落得个悲惨的下场。

Good and Evil Described by Dickens: An Analysis of Typical Characters in Oliver TwistAbstractCharles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism in the nineteenth century. One of Dickens’ favorite novels Oliver Twist is known all over the world for the well-portrayed characters. In Oliver Twist, dozens of characters are well portrayed, including good and evil. This thesis analyzes some of the typical characters in the novel. First, the child hero of the novel, Oliver Twist, is good incarnation described by Dickens; Oliver possess many precious characteristics. Second, Fagin and Sikes’ evil exposes completely and arouses readers antipathy and wrath. Finally, the complex poor character, Nancy, has conflicts between her inner conscience and her devotion to Sikes. Ultimately, she risks her life to help Oliver, which commits one of the most noble acts of kindness in the story. So the conclusion draws that Dickens believes that most people were good at heart, but at times, their good impulses could be distorted by terrible Words: Charles Dickens; Oliver Twist; goodness; nature; evil; ferocity 摘要查尔斯�6�1狄更斯是19世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯最喜欢的作品之一，也由于作者对小说人物的成功刻画而闻名遐迩。在《雾都孤儿》中，许多的人物被成功的塑造，包括善良的和邪恶的。这篇论文分析了小说中的一些典型人物。首先，是儿童主人公奥利佛尔�6�1特维斯特是狄更斯笔下善良的化身，他拥有许多难能可贵的性格特征。其次，费金和塞克斯罪恶形象的充分暴露引起了读者的反感和憎恶。最后，可怜而又性格复杂的南茜陷入良心的发现和对爱人忠诚的两难境地。最终，她冒着生命危险帮助奥利佛尔是小说中最崇高的善行之一。通过对《雾都孤儿》典型人物的分析，可以得出这样的结论：狄更斯相信大多数人的内心是善良的，但有时，一些人的善念也许会因糟糕的外界环境而扭曲。关键词：查尔斯�6�1狄更斯、奥利佛尔�6�1特维斯特、善良、本性、罪恶、凶残希望你满意！

你怎么研究电影而不是小说啊？强烈建议你把电影去掉，（也许就思想主题而言，电影和小说是一回事）开题报告如何写？①：在百度搜索：开题报告范文②：去学校图书馆的期刊论文数据库搜索：雾都孤儿英文的搜索：Oliver Twist

先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的毕业论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。学校规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。《雾都孤儿》中人物的创造性叛逆——重塑《雾都孤儿》中的南希形象剖析小说《雾都孤儿》中前景化特征的文体分析污浊社会里的纯真——《雾都孤儿》中反映出的良知

雾都孤儿的研究论文

我也是写这个正找材料呢交流交流哦

《雾都孤儿》是一部非常成功的作品，是狄更斯这位享誉盛名的代表作之一，它揭露了隐藏在伦敦狭小、肮脏的偏僻街道里的恐怖和暴力，也展示出了18世纪伦敦罪犯的真实面目；同时，狄更斯还试图说明：善良最终能够克服一切艰难险阻。《雾都孤儿》不仅吸引了评论家和公众的注意，同时它背后潜藏着的那一种强烈的情感不仅打动了与他同时代的读者，也深深地打动了我。《雾都孤儿》中主人公的英文名字为Oliver Twist，而Twist其英文意思是“扭曲，曲折，使苦恼”，这暗示着主人公Oliver的一生很坎坷，要经历很多的痛苦。在这个对社会进行抗议的情节剧式的小说中，奥利弗被当作一个主人公，其目的不是要触动我们的文学敏感性，而是要打动我们的情感。奥立弗·退斯特出生于19世纪30年代英国的一所济贫院，他妈妈用冰冷而毫无血色的嘴唇怜爱地在孩子的额头亲了一下后倒过去，咽了气。没父没母的奥立弗的童年过得极其凄惨，最初的9年是生活在一个管理不善的孤儿院，之后被转到收容成年人的济贫院。济贫院是维多利亚时期中产阶级建立的用来收养穷孩子的机构，因为人们认为穷人的身上有固有的恶习，穷人的家庭造就了这样的恶习，为了阻止这样的恶习产生，所以穷人夫妻就要分开，以阻止他们生孩子，从而减少下层社会的人。但可以这样形容当时的济贫院：济贫院给穷人提供的是慢性挨饿的机会，而在街头则是快速饿死。奥利弗和他的小伙伴们忍受着“慢性饥饿的折磨”。曾给我留下一个特别深刻印象的镜头是：一天晚上吃饭时，一个小孩子跟其他小孩子说，如果不给他多吃一碗粥，说不定会吃了谁。孩子们都很害怕，于是抓阄决定谁输了就要为那个孩子多要点吃的来。奥立弗输了，于是午饭后，其他孩子坚持奥立弗在晚饭时多要点食物。他的请求震惊了当局，结果使他们出5英镑作为酬金，要人把他从他们手上带走。因而可见，《雾都孤儿》是对维多利亚时期穷人的社会境遇的严厉批判。《雾都孤儿》的起势情节是：绝望之中的奥立弗在黎明中出逃，奔向伦敦，在伦敦城外，又饿又累的他遇到了一个与他相仿年纪的男孩—杰克，杰克让他住在自己的恩人费金的住处——实际上是一个窃贼之家，费金这个“枯瘦如柴的犹太老头”兼职为犯罪头头专门训练孤儿为他偷东西。经过几天的训练，奥立弗和其他两个小孩被派去偷东西。当奥立弗看到他们偷了一个老绅士的手绢的时候，吓得拔腿就逃，他被抓住了，但勉强地躲过了指控，没有因偷盗被定罪。布朗罗先生，就是手绢的被偷者，把发烧的奥立弗带回家中护理，让他恢复健康，原本以为黑暗的生活会远离他而去，但是费金贼帮里的两个大人赛克斯和他的情人南希把奥立弗抓住，并送回费金那里。在《雾都孤儿》中，颇具争议性问题的人物是南希。南希在道德上的复杂性在几位主要人物中是很独特的。南希自幼便是一个小偷，饮酒无度，而且是一个妓女，她所陷入的罪恶为她的社会所不齿，但当她牺牲自己的生命去保护奥立弗这个她并不是很熟悉的小孩时，她的行为又是最为高尚的。正因为南希，奥立弗被狄更斯掩藏下的真实身份才有了渐渐浮出水面的一刻。随后，费金派奥立弗去帮助赛克斯抢劫。奥立弗被那家的仆人用枪击中，赛克斯弃下受伤的奥立弗逃跑了。上天可怜善良的奥立弗，他被住在那里的梅莱太太和她漂亮的养女露西收留了。奥立弗开始了一种新生活。他常常与露西和梅莱太太外出散步，有时露西读书给他听，他也努力地学习功课。他觉得自己好像永远把罪恶，艰辛和贫困的世界抛在背后了。小说中，梅莱太太和露西所担任的母性角色使奥立弗第一次生活在正常的家庭当中，在她们母亲般的关爱下，奥立弗在乡下度过了美好的夏天。并且在梅莱一家的帮助下，布朗罗先生和奥立弗又团聚了，并消除了彼此间的误会。随后，布朗罗先生找到孟可思，追问奥立弗的真实身世，真相终于大白。原来孟可思是奥立弗同母异父的，和费金一起密谋陷害奥立弗，使之声名狼藉，并且是病态的，品行不端的坏兄弟，而且还查明了露西是奥立弗的亲生阿姨。小说的最后总结了狄更斯的道德和宗教观念：如果没有强烈的爱，没有博爱之心，如果对以慈悲为准则，以博爱一切生灵为最高标志的上帝不知感恩，那是绝对得不到幸福的，因而，有罪恶的得到了严厉的惩罚，穷凶恶及的人物到最后仍承担着罪恶，相应的，好人终究有好报，布朗罗先生收养了品性善良，道德高尚，宽容仁慈的奥立弗，他们和梅莱一家一起回乡下，从此过着幸福的生活。

文学研究论文参考文献

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雾都孤儿论文的文献综述

《David ·section wave 》BE 19 century England criticize realism master more of a representative the novel which has a strong autobiography color, more the use "the history and experience of little David's oneself", never little aspect review and tallied up own living road, reflected his life philosophy and morals article passes host the joys and sorrows of male David's whole life, announcing to public multi-layerly at that time a social true feature, outstanding earth's surface now money's corrosion to the marriage, family and the society of the formations of a series tragedy are what money causeses in the virtuous the mother who cheat to marry David is a her property;Loving the's eloping is through can not stand peculiarly come-on;The gram is a pain and sufferings, the despair of the sea isn't the bad result that the money results in mean mean person's hopings also in the money to lure a next move to tread the degenerative, coming to a shameful end of imprisonment for life the is setting out from the thought of humanitarianism, exposing the crime of money, uncovering the beautiful purdah of"Victoria peaceful times" thus, presenting to conceal afterward social true in the person up, David ·section wave the poured into the author's all strenuous efforts his orphan in spite of, ages suffer of various whet difficult and sad, be still he struggles unyieldingly after becoming adult, all expressing a small pota to look for the painful process of exit in the capitalism greatly bitter and big and difficult taste David of[with] the human life happiness and the warmth behind, what to depend is he sincerity, keep a rate of character, actively heading up of spirit, and to the heart of the person's clean and pure friendly is also the ideal female whom the author puts forth effort to current and outside beautiful looks, and then have endocentric virtue, since the fortitude and resilience doesn't pull out ground to protect to is subjected to the old father that the rare bullies, and then supports David of bitterness of suffering the end and David combine, is "thought and aim of consistent", this kind of perfect marriage makes the novelistic coda ocean overflow one parties happiness and hope of of them are more a the ideal incarnation of the propertied class humanitarianism and of this kind of thought more the is personal of career's ising friendly and bad is an always thinks being placed in is subjected to the common run of people of oppressing the position, its teachings the virtuous thoughts and feelings is by long odds in those ruler, exactly according to this kind of conviction, in the novel many common run of peoples if the fisherman opens up a fruit to lift, sea , though house poverty if wash, have never been subjected to an education, have one truly plain, docile of heart, with full of of the suggest blessing and it make for become fresh and clear contrast.

出自《英国文学论文：浅议《雾都孤儿》中的现实主义》Realism in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist Being one of the most prominent critical realists in the 19th century, Charles Dickens gave us a vivid picture of Victorian times. In Dickens’ whole life, he composed lots of works. His works are characterized by literal attacks on social evils, unfairness, and hypocrisy. In Oliver Twist, Dickens attempted to reveal the cruel, unfair, and corrupt society under the control of the capitalist and aroused the society’s concern to the weak groups, including the children, the women and the old. There are many definitions of realism. For example，it is a practical understanding and acceptance of the actual nature of the world, rather than an idealized or romantic view of it; or as opposed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and species are real things or entities, existing independently of our conceptions. 2. Critical realism in Oliver Twist Critical realism is any doctrine reconciling the real, independent, objective nature of the world with a due appreciation of the mind-dependence of the sensory experiences whereby we know about it. In Victorian times, the broad masses lived under severe conditions. As Dickens put it, the poor chose between “being starved by a gradual process in the house, or by a quick one out of it.” It is the society, the government that should be responsible for it. No one can escape from their unfortunate fate; no one can break away from these continuous sufferings; and no one can flee from these bottomless abysses. Criticism of the capitalist society Oliver Twist was famous for exposing the dark sides of people lived out that time (Lu Jianguo 40). The misfortunes of the characters in Oliver Twist had a deep connection to the society. The corruption and indifference of the society made their people not get rid of their misfortunes. The harder they tried to break away from it, the more cost they should pay. In the Victoria capitalist society, there was a big conflict between the upper class and the lower class. No matter how bad the condition the lower class was in, the upper class didn’t do anything helpful to make it better. The hard life made the poor choose an unlawful way or unmoral way to survive, while in some degree, this provided another means to those oppressors who could never satisfy their own desires. On the other side, the corruption of the upper class made the poor’s life harder. The conflicts between the upper class and the lower class reflected the terrible conditions of the society at that time. It was the society that should take the responsibility of it. Besides, the society should be responsible for the death of its people. The capitalist society contributed to the corruption of the capitalist charity. Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the suffering of the poor and oppressed, and makes a bitter and complete exposure of the terrible conditions on the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy (胡荟桐 284). In the workhouse, the poor didn't receive the treatment the offices declared before. And the children, either in the baby-farm or in the workh。。。。。

买本雾都孤儿的蓝星导读，就是那种双语的小蓝本，虽然写得很浅显，但故事和人物分析挺全面的，就算你以前没读过这部小说，用它就行，省时间最大的问题就是定题，要看你的指导老师严不严了，一定把论点范围缩小再缩小，具体再具体在学校提供给你们的文献库多多下载文献资料，雾都孤儿的的文献很多，能下载到你想吐，但这样不愁没得写还有问题可以联系我